Sectarian violence

Definition

Sectarian violence refers to conflict and aggression between different religious or ethnic groups, often driven by deep-seated historical grievances and identity politics. This type of violence is especially pronounced in regions with diverse religious demographics, where groups such as Sunnis and Shias may clash over political power, religious authority, and social justice. It can escalate during periods of political upheaval or social unrest, contributing to cycles of retaliation and further polarization within communities.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Sectarian violence in Iraq surged dramatically following the 2003 invasion, leading to widespread conflict between Sunni and Shia groups as power dynamics shifted.
2. Many violent incidents have been fueled by extremist ideologies that exploit sectarian divides, such as those propagated by groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
3. After the fall of Saddam Hussein, Sunni populations faced marginalization under a Shia-led government, which heightened feelings of disenfranchisement and resentment.
4. The sectarian violence in Iraq has often taken the form of bombings, assassinations, and large-scale massacres, affecting civilian populations across different regions.
5. International intervention and foreign influence have sometimes exacerbated sectarian tensions, as external actors support one group over another based on geopolitical interests.

Review Questions

• How did the fall of Saddam Hussein contribute to the rise of sectarian violence in Iraq?
  • The fall of Saddam Hussein created a power vacuum that allowed long-suppressed sectarian tensions to surface. Under Saddam's Sunni-led regime, Shia populations were marginalized. After his ousting, the Shia majority gained political power, leading to increased hostilities from disenfranchised Sunni groups. This shift sparked widespread violence, as both sides vied for control and sought retribution for past grievances.
• What role do extremist groups play in fueling sectarian violence between Sunni and Shia populations?
  • Extremist groups often exploit existing sectarian divisions to further their agendas by inciting violence and recruiting followers. Organizations like ISIS have utilized propaganda that promotes hatred towards rival sects, framing conflicts as a religious struggle. By executing high-profile attacks against both civilians and opposing militants, these groups exacerbate fears and tensions between Sunni and Shia communities, leading to cycles of retaliatory violence.
• Evaluate the long-term impacts of sectarian violence on Iraqi society and governance since 2003.
  • The long-term impacts of sectarian violence on Iraqi society are profound, leading to a fragmented social fabric marked by mistrust among communities. Governance has been severely affected; political structures often reflect sectarian affiliations rather than national unity. This division complicates efforts for reconciliation and stability, hindering effective governance and fostering an environment where militias can operate independently from the state. Consequently, Iraq continues to struggle with security challenges and social cohesion decades after the initial violence began.

Related terms

Sunni: The largest denomination of Islam, Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the elected caliphs as successors to Prophet Muhammad and typically emphasize the importance of community consensus.

Shia: The second-largest branch of Islam, Shias believe that leadership should remain within the Prophet Muhammad's family, particularly through his cousin and son-in-law, Ali.

Militia: A paramilitary group formed by civilians that may engage in armed conflict, often arising in response to sectarian tensions or governmental instability.