Capabilities approach

Definition

The capabilities approach is a theoretical framework that focuses on what individuals are able to do and be, emphasizing the importance of freedom and opportunities for human development. It shifts the emphasis from traditional economic measures, such as income or wealth, to the actual capabilities individuals have to achieve valued functionings in their lives, which is essential for assessing well-being and social justice.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The capabilities approach was developed by philosopher Amartya Sen in the 1980s as a response to limitations in conventional welfare economics.
2. It argues that economic growth alone does not necessarily lead to human development; instead, people must have real opportunities to utilize their capabilities.
3. The approach has been influential in shaping policies and assessments related to human development indices and poverty measurements.
4. Critics argue that the capabilities approach can be too subjective, as it relies heavily on individual values and perceptions of well-being.
5. The approach is closely linked to human rights frameworks, as it highlights the importance of enabling conditions for individuals to exercise their freedoms and achieve their potential.

Review Questions

• How does the capabilities approach differ from traditional economic measures when assessing human development?
  • The capabilities approach differs from traditional economic measures by shifting the focus from income or wealth to what individuals can actually do with their resources. It emphasizes the importance of freedom and opportunities for individuals to achieve valued functionings in their lives. This perspective highlights that mere economic growth does not guarantee well-being; instead, it is essential to consider whether people have the real capability to lead fulfilling lives.
• Discuss how the capabilities approach can inform policies aimed at promoting social justice and human rights.
  • The capabilities approach informs policies aimed at promoting social justice by prioritizing the creation of conditions that enable individuals to exercise their freedoms and develop their capabilities. By focusing on enhancing individuals' abilities to achieve valued functionings, policies can target systemic inequalities that restrict access to education, healthcare, and social participation. This aligns with human rights frameworks that advocate for empowering individuals and ensuring equitable access to opportunities.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the capabilities approach in addressing global development challenges.
  • The strengths of the capabilities approach lie in its comprehensive view of well-being, which considers multiple dimensions beyond economic indicators. It effectively highlights disparities in opportunities and encourages holistic policy responses. However, its reliance on subjective assessments of capabilities can be seen as a weakness, as it may vary significantly across different cultures and contexts. Additionally, translating the theoretical framework into practical applications can pose challenges for policymakers trying to implement effective strategies for global development.

Related terms

Functionings: The various things a person may value doing or being, such as being healthy, educated, or participating in community life.

Social Justice: The concept of creating a society or institution that is based on principles of equality and solidarity, addressing issues such as wealth distribution and access to resources.

Well-Being: A broad concept that encompasses physical, mental, and social aspects of an individual's life, indicating a state of health and happiness.