Exclusive Economic Zones

Definition

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) are maritime areas extending up to 200 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline, where that state has exclusive rights to explore, exploit, and manage natural resources, both living and non-living. This concept is crucial in international law, particularly in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), as it helps balance coastal states' interests with those of other nations regarding maritime resources and environmental protection.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. An EEZ gives a coastal state rights to resources like fish, oil, gas, and minerals, but does not grant full sovereignty over the water column.
2. Disputes over EEZ boundaries can arise between neighboring countries, especially in resource-rich areas.
3. Coastal states have jurisdiction over the management of marine biodiversity within their EEZs, including conservation efforts.
4. International law allows for certain freedoms in EEZs, such as navigation and overflight by foreign vessels and aircraft.
5. EEZs can impact global trade routes and economic activities significantly, making them crucial in international relations.

Review Questions

• How do Exclusive Economic Zones balance the rights of coastal states with those of other nations?
  • Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) provide coastal states with exclusive rights to explore and exploit marine resources while allowing other nations certain freedoms such as navigation and overflight. This balance ensures that coastal states can manage their resources sustainably while maintaining international maritime traffic. The legal framework established by UNCLOS is essential in defining these rights and ensuring cooperation among states.
• What role do Exclusive Economic Zones play in international disputes over maritime boundaries?
  • Exclusive Economic Zones often become focal points for disputes between neighboring countries due to overlapping claims. As states vie for control over valuable marine resources within their EEZs, tensions can rise, leading to negotiations or confrontations. International law aims to resolve these disputes through peaceful means, emphasizing negotiation and adherence to established maritime boundaries outlined by treaties such as UNCLOS.
• Evaluate the environmental implications of Exclusive Economic Zones in relation to marine biodiversity conservation.
  • Exclusive Economic Zones are crucial for marine biodiversity conservation as they grant coastal states authority to manage and protect their marine environments. This control allows for the implementation of conservation measures aimed at sustainable use of resources and protection of vulnerable species. However, the effectiveness of these measures varies widely among states due to differences in capacity, commitment, and enforcement mechanisms. A thorough evaluation reveals that while EEZs offer a framework for conservation efforts, international cooperation is essential to address transboundary issues and ensure holistic marine ecosystem management.

Related terms

Continental Shelf: The underwater landmass extending from a continent, which can also grant a coastal state rights to explore and exploit resources beyond the standard EEZ limit.

Territorial Waters: The waters extending up to 12 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline, within which the state exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction.

High Seas: Parts of the ocean that are not included in any national jurisdiction, beyond the EEZ, where no single nation has exclusive rights.