Allylic Radical

Definition

An allylic radical is a reactive intermediate in organic chemistry that forms when a hydrogen atom is abstracted from the carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond. This reactive species is important in the context of allylic bromination reactions, where it is a key intermediate step.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Allylic radicals are stabilized by the adjacent carbon-carbon double bond, making them more reactive than other types of radicals.
2. In the context of allylic bromination, the allylic radical is an intermediate that forms when a hydrogen atom is abstracted from the allylic position by a bromine radical.
3. Allylic radicals can undergo further reactions, such as addition to the double bond or substitution of the hydrogen, leading to the formation of allylic halides or other allylic compounds.
4. The stability of allylic radicals is due to the delocalization of the unpaired electron across the three-carbon system, which is known as resonance stabilization.
5. Allylic radicals are important in various organic reactions, including free-radical halogenation, allylic oxidation, and allylic substitution reactions.

Review Questions

• Explain the role of allylic radicals in the mechanism of allylic bromination.
  • In the allylic bromination reaction, the first step involves the formation of an allylic radical. This occurs when a bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the carbon adjacent to the carbon-carbon double bond, creating the allylic radical intermediate. The allylic radical is then able to react further, often by adding to the double bond to form the final allylic bromide product.
• Describe the factors that contribute to the stability of allylic radicals.
  • Allylic radicals are stabilized by the presence of the adjacent carbon-carbon double bond, which allows for the delocalization of the unpaired electron across the three-carbon system. This resonance stabilization makes allylic radicals more stable than other types of radicals, increasing their reactivity. Additionally, the hybridization of the carbon atoms involved in the allylic system contributes to the stability, as the sp2 hybridized carbons can accommodate the unpaired electron more effectively.
• Analyze the importance of allylic radicals in organic synthesis and their applications beyond allylic bromination.
  • Allylic radicals are not only crucial in the context of allylic bromination reactions but also play a significant role in various other organic transformations. These reactive intermediates can undergo a wide range of reactions, including allylic substitution, allylic oxidation, and other free-radical processes. The ability of allylic radicals to stabilize through resonance makes them valuable in the synthesis of complex organic molecules, as they can be leveraged to introduce functional groups, form new carbon-carbon bonds, and access a variety of allylic compounds. Understanding the reactivity and stability of allylic radicals is essential for designing efficient and selective organic reactions in the field of synthetic chemistry.

Related terms

Allylic Position: The carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond, where an allylic radical can form.

Radical Substitution: A reaction mechanism where a radical species replaces another atom or group in a molecule.

Allylic Bromination: A reaction where bromine is added to the allylic position of an alkene, forming an allylic bromide.