Augmented sixth chords

Definition

Augmented sixth chords are a type of altered chord that typically resolves to the dominant chord in a key, characterized by the interval of an augmented sixth between two specific tones. These chords are used to create tension and lead the listener's ear toward resolution, often enhancing the harmonic progression in a piece. They can be classified into three main types: Italian, French, and German, each with its own distinct structure and function in music.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The three types of augmented sixth chords are Italian (flattened 6th and raised 4th), French (adds the 2nd), and German (adds the minor 3rd).
2. Augmented sixth chords typically resolve to the dominant chord, creating strong harmonic movement and tension.
3. The interval of an augmented sixth is usually created by the lowered sixth scale degree and the raised fourth scale degree in relation to the tonic.
4. These chords can alter the expected harmonic progressions, providing unique color and depth to musical compositions.
5. In classical music, augmented sixth chords were frequently used during the Romantic period to enhance emotional expression and chromaticism.

Review Questions

• How do augmented sixth chords function within harmonic progressions, particularly in their resolution to dominant chords?
  • Augmented sixth chords serve as a means to build tension before resolving to the dominant chord. The characteristic interval of an augmented sixth creates a strong pull towards the dominant due to its tendency to resolve outward by half steps. For example, in C major, an Italian augmented sixth would resolve to G major, effectively preparing the listener for that shift and enhancing the overall harmonic flow of the piece.
• Compare and contrast the three types of augmented sixth chords in terms of their structures and uses in music composition.
  • The Italian augmented sixth chord consists of a flattened sixth scale degree and a raised fourth, creating a simple yet effective tension. The French version adds a second scale degree, providing a slightly richer sound. Meanwhile, the German augmented sixth includes a minor third along with the flattened sixth and raised fourth, giving it a darker quality. Each type serves its own purpose within compositions; for instance, Italian is often used for straightforward resolutions while German may introduce more complex tonal shifts.
• Evaluate the impact of augmented sixth chords on musical expression during the Romantic period compared to earlier styles.
  • During the Romantic period, augmented sixth chords significantly expanded composers' expressive capabilities compared to earlier styles like Classical. These chords allowed for greater chromaticism and emotional depth by introducing unexpected harmonic colors and intensifying tensions within musical narratives. Composers like Wagner and Chopin effectively utilized augmented sixths not just for modulation but also as integral parts of their thematic development, showcasing how harmony could reflect deeper emotional landscapes.

Related terms

Chromatic Mediants: Chromatic mediants are chords that are a third apart and share at least one common tone, often leading to unexpected harmonic shifts in music.

Dominant Function: A dominant function refers to the role of a chord that creates tension and prepares for resolution to the tonic, often associated with the V chord in a key.

Voice Leading: Voice leading is the practice of writing smooth melodic lines between chords, ensuring that individual parts move in a way that is musically satisfying and harmonically coherent.