Lexical change

Definition

Lexical change refers to the evolution and alteration of the vocabulary within a language over time. This process includes the introduction of new words, changes in word meanings, and the loss of old words as languages adapt to cultural shifts, technological advancements, and social interactions. In the context of Middle English, lexical change played a crucial role in shaping the language through influences from Old English, Norman French, and Latin.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. During the Middle English period, many French words entered the lexicon due to the Norman Conquest in 1066, significantly enriching the vocabulary.
2. Lexical change can occur through various processes such as borrowing from other languages, compounding, and affixation (adding prefixes or suffixes).
3. The Great Vowel Shift (15th to 18th century) significantly impacted the pronunciation of vowels in English, leading to changes in how existing words were understood.
4. Words like 'mutton' and 'beef' showcase lexical change by reflecting different social classes; 'mutton' comes from Old French and was used by the Normans, while 'sheep' comes from Old English and was used by Anglo-Saxon farmers.
5. Lexical change not only involves new words but also involves shifts in usage, such as changing a word from being used as a noun to being used as a verb.

Review Questions

• How did the influence of Norman French contribute to lexical change during the Middle English period?
  • The influence of Norman French after the Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a plethora of new vocabulary into Middle English. As the Normans became the ruling class in England, their language began to merge with Old English. This led to a significant increase in terms related to law, government, art, and culture, which enriched the English lexicon and facilitated the evolution of the language during this transformative period.
• What processes are involved in lexical change, and how do they affect the meanings of words over time?
  • Lexical change involves several processes such as borrowing from other languages, semantic shifts where meanings evolve or expand, and morphological changes like affixation. For instance, borrowing introduces foreign terms that can fill gaps in vocabulary. Semantic shifts can alter perceptions of words based on societal context or use. These processes lead to a dynamic vocabulary where meanings are not static but reflect ongoing cultural developments.
• Evaluate the significance of lexical change in shaping modern English from its Middle English roots.
  • Lexical change has been fundamental in transforming modern English from its Middle English roots by introducing diverse vocabulary influenced by various languages and cultures. This evolution reflects historical events such as invasions, trade, and technological advancements. The integration of words through lexical change has contributed to making English one of the richest languages globally, characterized by its flexibility and adaptability to new concepts while maintaining connections to its linguistic heritage.

Related terms

Neologism: A neologism is a newly coined word or expression that has recently entered a language, often reflecting cultural or technological changes.

Semantic Shift: Semantic shift is the process by which a word's meaning changes over time, which can include broadening, narrowing, or even pejoration.

Archaism: Archaism refers to a word or phrase that is no longer in common use and is considered outdated or obsolete, often seen in historical texts.