Superantigen is a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system, specifically T-cells. They bypass normal antigen processing, leading to massive cytokine release and potentially severe immune responses.
congrats on reading the definition of superantigen. now let's actually learn it.
Superantigens can trigger up to 20% of the body's T-cells simultaneously, compared to the typical 0.01-0.1%.
Common superantigen-producing bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Diseases associated with superantigens include Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) and certain types of food poisoning.
Superantigens bind directly to MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T-cell receptors, bypassing regular antigen presentation pathways.
The massive cytokine release caused by superantigens can lead to symptoms such as fever, rash, low blood pressure, and multi-organ failure.
Review Questions
What is the primary mechanism by which superantigens activate T-cells?
Name two bacterial species known for producing superantigens.
List at least two diseases associated with superantigen activity.
Related terms
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): A severe illness caused by toxins produced by certain strains of bacteria, often linked with superantigens.