Exotoxins are potent, extracellular toxins secreted by certain bacteria that can cause significant damage to the host by disrupting normal cellular processes. Unlike endotoxins, exotoxins are proteins and can be neutralized by antibodies.
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Exotoxins are typically produced by gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes but can also be produced by some gram-negative bacteria.
They are highly specific in their action, meaning different exotoxins target different types of cells or cellular mechanisms.
Some exotoxins act at sites distant from the original site of infection, leading to systemic effects.
Examples of diseases caused by exotoxins include tetanus (caused by Clostridium tetani) and diphtheria (caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae).
Because they are proteins, exotoxins can be inactivated by heat and chemicals, creating toxoids that can be used for vaccination.
Review Questions
What is the main difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Name two bacterial species known for producing exotoxins.
How can exotoxins contribute to systemic infections?