Hyperemesis gravidarum

Definition

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It significantly impacts a woman's nutritional status and may necessitate medical intervention, including the potential need for parenteral nutrition when oral intake is insufficient.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Hyperemesis gravidarum affects about 0.5% to 2% of pregnant women, making it a relatively rare but serious condition.
2. Symptoms can include severe nausea, vomiting, dehydration, weight loss greater than 5% of body weight, and electrolyte imbalances.
3. In severe cases, hyperemesis gravidarum may require hospitalization for intravenous fluid therapy and potential use of medications to control nausea.
4. The condition can significantly affect the quality of life for pregnant women and can lead to psychological stress due to prolonged illness.
5. Monitoring nutritional status is critical in managing hyperemesis gravidarum, as inadequate nutrient intake can impact both maternal and fetal health.

Review Questions

• How does hyperemesis gravidarum differ from typical morning sickness in terms of severity and potential complications?
  • Hyperemesis gravidarum is much more severe than typical morning sickness, which generally resolves on its own by the second trimester. While morning sickness may involve occasional nausea and mild vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum causes persistent vomiting that can lead to significant dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss. This level of severity often requires medical intervention and can impact both maternal and fetal health if not treated effectively.
• Discuss the indications for using parenteral nutrition in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and the factors that influence this decision.
  • Parenteral nutrition may be indicated in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum when they are unable to maintain adequate nutritional intake orally due to persistent vomiting. Factors influencing this decision include the severity of dehydration, the degree of weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and overall patient health. The goal is to ensure that the mother receives sufficient nutrients to support her health and fetal development while minimizing complications associated with inadequate nutrition.
• Evaluate the long-term implications of untreated hyperemesis gravidarum on maternal and fetal health outcomes.
  • Untreated hyperemesis gravidarum can lead to significant long-term implications for both maternal and fetal health. Maternal complications may include severe dehydration leading to kidney damage or liver dysfunction, while fetal risks involve poor growth due to inadequate nutrient supply. Additionally, prolonged malnutrition can increase the likelihood of preterm birth or low birth weight. Addressing hyperemesis gravidarum effectively is crucial not only for immediate symptom relief but also for ensuring optimal outcomes for both mother and child in the long run.

Related terms

Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy (NVP): A common condition affecting many pregnant women, characterized by mild to moderate nausea and vomiting, usually resolving in the second trimester.

Parenteral Nutrition: A method of delivering nutrients directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous (IV) line, often used when a patient cannot eat or absorb nutrients via the gastrointestinal tract.

Dehydration: A condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, often leading to serious health complications if not addressed promptly.