Snowball sampling

Definition

Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique used to identify and recruit participants through referrals from existing subjects. This method is particularly useful when studying hard-to-reach or hidden populations, as it relies on the social networks of initial participants to locate additional subjects. By leveraging personal connections, researchers can gather data that might otherwise be inaccessible, making it an effective approach in qualitative research settings.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Snowball sampling is especially beneficial for reaching populations that are difficult to access, such as marginalized groups or those with specific characteristics.
2. This technique can introduce bias since the sample relies heavily on the social networks of initial participants, which may not represent the entire population.
3. It is often used in qualitative research where depth of information is prioritized over generalizability.
4. Researchers must clearly define eligibility criteria for participants to ensure relevant and meaningful data collection.
5. The process can lead to a snowball effect, where each recruited participant refers others, exponentially increasing the sample size.

Review Questions

• How does snowball sampling differ from probability sampling methods, and what are its advantages?
  • Snowball sampling differs from probability sampling methods by not giving every individual an equal chance of being selected. Its main advantage lies in its ability to access hard-to-reach populations that might not be identifiable through traditional sampling techniques. By using existing participants as a gateway to new subjects, researchers can gather rich, qualitative data that provides insights into these hidden communities.
• Discuss how snowball sampling can affect the validity of qualitative research findings.
  • Snowball sampling can impact the validity of qualitative research findings due to its reliance on social networks. This approach may lead to selection bias if the initial participants share similar characteristics or viewpoints, potentially skewing the results. However, if conducted carefully with clear eligibility criteria, it can yield valuable insights into specific communities, enhancing understanding despite the potential for bias.
• Evaluate the ethical considerations that researchers should keep in mind when using snowball sampling for sensitive populations.
  • When using snowball sampling for sensitive populations, researchers must consider ethical issues like confidentiality, informed consent, and potential harm. Ensuring that participants feel safe and understand their rights is crucial since their involvement may expose them to risks related to their identity or situation. Researchers should also think about how their findings will be used and shared, striving to protect participants' anonymity and ensuring they aren't exploited during the research process.

Related terms

Non-probability sampling: A sampling technique where not all individuals have a chance of being selected, often leading to biases in the sample.

Qualitative research: A method of inquiry that focuses on understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, often through interviews or observations.

Participant recruitment: The process of identifying and enlisting individuals to participate in a research study or survey.