Pyrrhonism

Definition

Pyrrhonism is a school of skepticism founded by Pyrrho of Elis in the 4th century BCE, which promotes a radical form of skepticism that questions the possibility of certain knowledge. This philosophical approach encourages individuals to suspend judgment on all beliefs and claims about knowledge, leading to a tranquil state of mind. Pyrrhonism is significant as it contrasts with other forms of skepticism, particularly Academic skepticism, which asserts that some knowledge is attainable.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Pyrrhonism emphasizes that one should refrain from making judgments about reality, leading to a sense of peace called ataraxia.
2. The core idea is that for any claim or belief, one can find opposing arguments, making certainty unattainable.
3. Pyrrhonists focus on practical aspects of life rather than theoretical knowledge, advocating for a way of living that avoids conflict over beliefs.
4. The writings attributed to Pyrrho were mainly preserved through later followers, as he did not leave behind written works himself.
5. Pyrrhonism influenced later philosophical traditions and was an important precursor to modern skepticism and existential thought.

Review Questions

• How does Pyrrhonism's approach to knowledge differ from Academic skepticism?
  • Pyrrhonism advocates for total suspension of judgment on all beliefs and claims, suggesting that certainty is unattainable. In contrast, Academic skepticism accepts that while certain knowledge might be impossible, some beliefs can be held as probable or likely. This fundamental difference highlights Pyrrhonism's more radical stance on doubt and its implications for achieving ataraxia, a serene state free from the turmoil of conflicting beliefs.
• Discuss the significance of ataraxia in the practice of Pyrrhonism and its impact on everyday life.
  • Ataraxia is central to Pyrrhonism as it represents the goal of achieving tranquility through the suspension of judgment. By avoiding the stress associated with holding firm beliefs or opinions, individuals can attain a peaceful state, allowing them to navigate life without being troubled by uncertainties. This approach encourages a focus on living harmoniously rather than engaging in debates over conflicting viewpoints, which can lead to anxiety and unrest.
• Evaluate the lasting impact of Pyrrhonism on modern philosophical thought and its relevance in contemporary discussions about knowledge.
  • Pyrrhonism has had a profound influence on modern philosophy, particularly in discussions around skepticism and the nature of knowledge. Its radical questioning of certainty has paved the way for later philosophical movements that challenge absolute truths. In contemporary debates about knowledge—especially in fields like science and ethics—Pyrrhonist principles remind us to critically evaluate claims and consider multiple perspectives. This enduring legacy encourages open-mindedness and intellectual humility in an era where dogmatism can often prevail.

Related terms

Skepticism: A philosophical approach that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge, often leading to the suspension of judgment.

Academic Skepticism: A form of skepticism associated with the Platonic Academy that posits that certain knowledge is impossible, but some beliefs can be held with a degree of probability.

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness and emotional stability that Pyrrhonists aim to achieve by suspending judgment on all matters.