New evil demon problem

Definition

The new evil demon problem is a thought experiment in epistemology that challenges the distinction between internalism and externalism by positing a scenario where a deceiving demon creates a perfect illusion of reality. This concept raises questions about the nature of knowledge and justification, as it suggests that individuals might have justified beliefs while still being entirely deceived, thus complicating the understanding of how external factors contribute to knowledge.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The new evil demon problem illustrates how individuals can be justified in their beliefs without actually knowing the truth due to deceptive circumstances.
2. This thought experiment forces a re-evaluation of how external factors can play a role in knowledge acquisition and justification.
3. The problem is often used to argue against strict internalism, which posits that justification relies solely on an individual's mental state.
4. It also emphasizes the significance of environmental factors in shaping what can be considered justified beliefs in the face of deception.
5. The new evil demon problem is closely related to discussions about skepticism, as it raises doubts about the possibility of certain knowledge.

Review Questions

• How does the new evil demon problem challenge the views held by internalists about justification?
  • The new evil demon problem challenges internalist views by demonstrating that an individual could possess justified beliefs while being completely deceived by an external entity, like a demon. If justification is solely based on one's mental states, then the deceived individual would not meet the criteria for genuine knowledge, even though they might have beliefs that are justified from their perspective. This contradiction forces internalists to reconsider the sufficiency of mental access for justification.
• What implications does the new evil demon problem have for understanding the role of external factors in knowledge acquisition?
  • The new evil demon problem highlights that external factors, such as the presence of a deceptive entity, significantly affect what counts as justified belief. It illustrates that even when individuals think they have a grasp on reality, their beliefs can be influenced by conditions beyond their control. Thus, this thought experiment invites a broader view of knowledge that incorporates how external environments and factors contribute to or hinder genuine justification.
• Evaluate how the new evil demon problem contributes to ongoing debates in epistemology regarding skepticism and the nature of knowledge.
  • The new evil demon problem plays a crucial role in epistemological debates around skepticism by questioning whether we can ever attain certain knowledge. It underscores that if our perceptions could be wholly manipulated, as suggested by the demon scenario, then our claims to knowledge become suspect. This situation complicates traditional understandings of what it means to know something and suggests that while we may feel justified in our beliefs, we could simultaneously be caught in profound deception, thereby igniting discussions about the limits and foundations of epistemology itself.

Related terms

Internalism: A theory of justification that asserts that the factors justifying a belief must be accessible to the believer's consciousness.

Externalism: A theory of justification where the justification for a belief can depend on factors outside of the individual's mental states or awareness.

Gettier Problem: A situation in epistemology that shows how having justified true belief does not necessarily equate to knowledge, highlighting potential flaws in traditional definitions of knowledge.