Transcendentalism

Definition

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the early 19th century, emphasizing the inherent goodness of people and nature, as well as the importance of self-reliance and individual intuition. It promotes the idea that individuals can rise above materialism and societal constraints to connect with a higher spiritual reality. This movement is closely linked to the romantic ideals of nature and emotion, as seen in the works of various poets and writers who sought deeper truths beyond the physical world.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Transcendentalism gained prominence in New England, influenced by Romanticism and German Idealism, particularly through the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
2. Emerson's essay 'Nature' is foundational to transcendentalist thought, encouraging readers to find spiritual truths by connecting with the natural world.
3. Thoreau's book 'Walden' reflects transcendentalist principles by showcasing his experiment in simple living in natural surroundings, emphasizing self-reliance and personal introspection.
4. Transcendentalists believed that societal institutions and organized religion often corrupted the purity of individual thought and experience.
5. The movement had a significant impact on American literature, philosophy, and social reform, influencing later movements such as feminism and environmentalism.

Review Questions

• How do the themes of nature and individuality manifest in the works of Emerson and Thoreau?
  • In their writings, both Emerson and Thoreau highlight the significance of nature as a source of inspiration and a means to connect with a higher truth. Emerson's essay 'Nature' discusses how being in nature can lead to spiritual enlightenment and foster individuality. Similarly, Thoreau's 'Walden' illustrates his belief in self-reliance through his solitary experiences in nature, where he contemplates life away from societal pressures. Together, they express transcendentalist ideals by advocating for personal intuition over societal norms.
• Discuss how transcendentalism reacts against the rationalism and materialism of its time.
  • Transcendentalism emerged as a response to the dominant rationalist thinking of the Enlightenment and the materialistic values brought about by industrialization. It emphasized personal intuition and spiritual insight over empirical evidence or material wealth. Transcendentalists believed that true understanding comes from within rather than from societal expectations or material possessions. This philosophy encouraged individuals to look beyond material success towards a deeper understanding of themselves and their relationship with nature.
• Evaluate the lasting impact of transcendentalism on modern American culture and literature.
  • Transcendentalism has had a profound influence on modern American culture and literature, laying groundwork for various social movements like environmentalism and feminism that emphasize individual rights and connection to nature. Its ideals continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about self-reliance, authenticity, and social justice. Authors such as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson also drew upon transcendentalist themes in their poetry, which helped shape modern American literature. The movement’s focus on inner spirituality over institutional conformity remains relevant today as people seek meaning beyond consumerism.

Related terms

Romanticism: An artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism as reactions against industrialization and rationalism.

Self-Reliance: An essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson that encapsulates the transcendentalist belief in the importance of individual intuition and personal independence.

Nature: A central theme in transcendentalism, symbolizing purity, truth, and the connection between humanity and the divine.