Conversational implicature

Definition

Conversational implicature refers to the meaning that is suggested or implied in a conversation, rather than explicitly stated. It plays a crucial role in communication, as it helps convey additional context and nuances that aren't directly expressed through the words used. This term is closely tied to how speech acts function, revealing the underlying intentions and assumptions behind what speakers say.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Conversational implicature often arises from the violation of Grice's maxims, particularly when a speaker says less than what is expected, prompting listeners to infer additional meaning.
2. Context plays a vital role in determining conversational implicatures; without understanding the situation, shared knowledge, or social cues, the implied meanings may be misunderstood.
3. There are two types of conversational implicatures: generalized implicatures, which are derived from general assumptions, and particularized implicatures, which depend on specific contexts.
4. Conversational implicature is not necessarily tied to truth; it can lead to misunderstandings or ambiguity if the listener misinterprets the implied meaning.
5. Understanding conversational implicature is essential for effective communication, as it helps navigate social interactions and interpret nuances in meaning.

Review Questions

• How do Grice's maxims relate to conversational implicature and what happens when they are violated?
  • Grice's maxims provide a framework for effective communication by suggesting that speakers should aim for clarity, relevance, quantity, and quality in their utterances. When these maxims are violated, it often leads to conversational implicature, as listeners must then interpret the intended meaning behind the speaker's words. For example, if someone under-informs (violating the maxim of quantity), the listener might infer additional context or meaning that wasn't explicitly stated.
• Discuss the role of context in interpreting conversational implicature and provide an example to illustrate this.
  • Context is crucial in interpreting conversational implicature because it provides the background information necessary for understanding implied meanings. For instance, if someone asks 'Are you coming to the party?' and the response is 'I have a lot of work,' the implication may be that they are not attending. However, without knowing the nature of their work or their relationship with the asker, this interpretation might vary widely. Context allows listeners to make more accurate inferences about what is meant.
• Evaluate how conversational implicature influences social interactions and provide examples of its importance in daily communication.
  • Conversational implicature significantly influences social interactions by allowing individuals to convey nuanced meanings and emotions without stating everything outright. For example, if someone says 'It's getting late' while looking at their watch during a dinner party, they may be implying that it's time to leave without saying so directly. This ability to suggest rather than state enhances social dynamics, making conversations more fluid and less confrontational. Furthermore, it can prevent misunderstandings by allowing for polite refusals or suggestions based on shared knowledge rather than direct assertions.

Related terms

Maxims of Conversation: The guidelines proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice that describe how people typically communicate effectively and cooperatively in conversations.

Speech Acts: Communicative actions performed through speaking, where the utterance itself carries meaning beyond just the words used.

Presupposition: An assumption that a speaker makes about what the listener already knows or believes, which can affect the interpretation of what is said.