Classical realism

Definition

Classical realism is a theory in international relations that emphasizes the role of human nature, power, and the anarchic nature of the international system in shaping state behavior. It argues that states are inherently driven by self-interest and the pursuit of power, which leads to competition and conflict among nations. This theory highlights historical context and human motivations as key factors influencing international politics.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Classical realism emerged in response to the idealism of the early 20th century, emphasizing a more pragmatic view of international relations based on historical realities.
2. Key figures in classical realism include Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hans Morgenthau, who emphasized the importance of power and national interest.
3. Classical realism argues that human nature is inherently selfish, which translates into state behavior that prioritizes survival and dominance.
4. The theory rejects the notion that morality can dictate international relations, instead asserting that ethical considerations often take a back seat to strategic interests.
5. Classical realism has been criticized for its deterministic view of human behavior and its inability to account for cooperative or altruistic actions between states.

Review Questions

• How does classical realism explain the competitive nature of international relations among states?
  • Classical realism explains the competitive nature of international relations by asserting that states are driven by self-interest and the pursuit of power. This competition arises from the anarchic structure of the international system, where no overarching authority exists to mediate conflicts. Consequently, states prioritize their survival and seek to enhance their power relative to others, leading to a constant struggle for dominance and influence.
• Evaluate the criticisms of classical realism concerning its views on human nature and state behavior.
  • Critics of classical realism argue that its focus on human selfishness oversimplifies the complexities of international relations. They contend that this perspective neglects instances of cooperation, diplomacy, and altruism among states. Additionally, some scholars believe classical realism fails to account for the influence of international institutions and norms that can shape state behavior beyond mere power dynamics. This criticism suggests a need for more nuanced theories that integrate both competitive and cooperative elements.
• Assess how classical realism remains relevant in understanding contemporary global issues like power transitions and conflicts.
  • Classical realism remains relevant in contemporary global issues by providing insights into the behavior of states during power transitions and ongoing conflicts. As emerging powers challenge established ones, classical realist principles help explain why states may act aggressively to secure their interests or prevent rival dominance. Furthermore, it offers a framework for analyzing geopolitical strategies in crises such as territorial disputes or military interventions, reflecting the enduring influence of power dynamics in international relations.

Related terms

Realpolitik: A political philosophy that prioritizes practical and strategic considerations over moral or ideological ones, often associated with power politics.

Balance of Power: A concept where national security is maintained through an equilibrium of power among states, preventing any one state from becoming too dominant.

Hobbesian State of Nature: The philosophical concept proposed by Thomas Hobbes, describing a condition where life is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short' due to the absence of political order and authority.