Advaita

Definition

Advaita is a non-dualistic school of thought in Indian philosophy that emphasizes the oneness of Atman (the individual self) and Brahman (the ultimate reality). This concept suggests that the apparent duality of the world is an illusion, and realizing this unity leads to liberation (moksha). The principles of Advaita can be connected to various aspects of Indian philosophical traditions, particularly through its interpretation of texts and its relationship with other schools of thought.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Advaita was popularized by the philosopher Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century CE, who played a significant role in articulating its doctrines and establishing monastic orders.
2. In Advaita philosophy, the realization that Atman is Brahman is seen as essential for achieving liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).
3. Advaita distinguishes between empirical reality (vyavaharika) and absolute reality (paramarthika), with the former being a transient experience and the latter representing true existence.
4. While Advaita promotes non-duality, it recognizes practical distinctions in everyday life, allowing for ethical actions within the illusion of separateness.
5. Advaita has influenced various religious movements in India, including certain Bhakti traditions, which emphasize devotion while still acknowledging the underlying non-dualistic nature of reality.

Review Questions

• How does Advaita interpret the relationship between Atman and Brahman, and what implications does this have for understanding liberation?
  • Advaita posits that Atman and Brahman are fundamentally identical, meaning that realizing this oneness leads to liberation from the cycle of samsara. This perspective reshapes how individuals view their own existence, moving away from the illusion of separateness towards an understanding that their true nature is the same as the ultimate reality. Thus, recognizing this unity is essential for spiritual growth and attaining moksha.
• In what ways does Advaita differentiate between empirical reality and absolute reality, and why is this distinction significant?
  • Advaita makes a crucial distinction between vyavaharika (empirical reality) and paramarthika (absolute reality). Empirical reality refers to our everyday experiences and perceptions, which can be deceptive due to Maya, or illusion. Absolute reality, on the other hand, is unchanging and represents true existence. This distinction is significant because it helps individuals navigate their lived experiences while striving for a deeper understanding of non-duality and ultimate truth.
• Evaluate the impact of Advaita philosophy on other Indian philosophical systems and religious movements, particularly in relation to Bhakti traditions.
  • Advaita philosophy has had a profound influence on various Indian philosophical systems and religious movements. While it emphasizes non-duality, many Bhakti traditions incorporate elements of devotion to personal deities. This blend allows followers to engage in loving devotion while acknowledging that their individual soul (Atman) is ultimately part of the greater reality (Brahman). The dialogue between Advaita's non-dualism and Bhakti's personal devotion enriches the spiritual landscape of India, encouraging seekers to find unity in diversity while pursuing deeper truths.

Related terms

Brahman: The ultimate, unchanging reality in Advaita philosophy, representing the source and essence of all existence.

Atman: The individual self or soul in Indian philosophy, which is ultimately identical to Brahman in Advaita thought.

Maya: The concept of illusion in Advaita, which explains how the perceived diversity of the world masks the underlying unity of reality.