Vedanta

Definition

Vedanta is a school of Hindu philosophy that emphasizes the ultimate reality of the universe, derived from the Upanishads, which are ancient texts that explore the nature of reality and the self. This philosophy focuses on understanding Brahman, the universal consciousness, and the relationship between the individual soul (Atman) and this ultimate reality. Vedanta teaches that realizing this connection leads to liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Vedanta is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, and it has various sub-schools, such as Advaita (non-dualism) and Dvaita (dualism).
2. The teachings of Vedanta are primarily based on the Upanishads, but also incorporate ideas from other texts like the Bhagavad Gita.
3. In Vedanta, the realization that Atman is Brahman is considered key to attaining moksha and escaping the cycle of samsara.
4. Vedanta emphasizes meditation and inquiry into one's own nature as essential practices for understanding the truth of existence.
5. Many modern spiritual movements and philosophies have drawn upon Vedantic concepts, influencing various aspects of spirituality in both Eastern and Western thought.

Review Questions

• How does Vedanta define the relationship between Atman and Brahman?
  • Vedanta teaches that Atman, or the individual soul, is fundamentally identical to Brahman, which is the ultimate reality or universal consciousness. This non-dualistic view suggests that realizing this oneness is essential for attaining liberation. Through meditation and self-inquiry, individuals can come to understand that their true nature is not separate from Brahman but part of this greater reality.
• Discuss how Vedanta's interpretation of moksha differs from other philosophical or religious views on liberation.
  • In Vedanta, moksha is achieved by realizing the oneness of Atman with Brahman, leading to liberation from samsara. This contrasts with some other philosophical or religious views where liberation might be seen as an escape from material existence or a union with a divine entity. Vedanta emphasizes inner knowledge and self-realization as paths to this state, rather than reliance solely on external rituals or divine intervention.
• Evaluate the impact of Vedanta on contemporary spirituality and how it has been integrated into modern practices.
  • Vedanta has significantly influenced contemporary spirituality, with its emphasis on self-realization resonating with various modern movements. The concepts of non-duality and mindfulness drawn from Vedantic philosophy have been integrated into practices like yoga and meditation globally. This fusion has led to a greater appreciation for inner exploration and personal growth in spiritual practices today, making Vedanta relevant in discussions around holistic well-being and consciousness.

Related terms

Brahman: Brahman is the ultimate, unchanging reality in Vedanta, often described as the source and essence of everything in the universe.

Atman: Atman refers to the individual soul or self in Hindu philosophy, which is believed to be identical to Brahman in its true essence.

Moksha: Moksha is the spiritual liberation or release from the cycle of birth and rebirth, achieved through self-realization and understanding one's true nature as Atman.