Parthenon on the Acropolis

Definition

The Parthenon is a former temple on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. Constructed between 447 and 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire, this architectural masterpiece represents the pinnacle of ancient Greek architecture and reflects the cultural and political achievements of Athens at that time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was designed by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates and was built using the Doric style, which emphasizes simplicity and strength.
2. It housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos, created by the sculptor Phidias, made of gold and ivory and standing approximately 40 feet tall.
3. The Parthenon symbolizes Athenian democracy and power, reflecting both the political stability and cultural achievements of Athens during its Golden Age.
4. Its construction involved innovative techniques such as entasis, where columns are slightly curved to appear straight from a distance, enhancing its visual perfection.
5. The Parthenon has endured numerous transformations over the centuries, serving as a Christian church, a mosque, and later a national monument.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect the values and beliefs of ancient Athenian society?
  • The design of the Parthenon embodies the ideals of symmetry, proportion, and beauty that were central to ancient Greek culture. Its Doric columns symbolize strength and order, reflecting the Athenians' belief in democracy and civic responsibility. Additionally, its dedication to Athena highlights the importance of religion and mythology in their daily lives, showcasing how architecture was not only functional but also a representation of their values.
• Discuss the significance of the statue of Athena Parthenos within the Parthenon and its impact on Athenian identity.
  • The statue of Athena Parthenos served as a powerful symbol of Athenian identity and pride. Created by Phidias, this magnificent work not only represented their patron goddess but also embodied the qualities that Athenians aspired to: wisdom, courage, and civilization. The presence of this statue within the Parthenon reinforced Athens' cultural dominance during its Golden Age and solidified its status as a center for art and philosophy.
• Evaluate how the transformations that the Parthenon underwent reflect broader historical changes in Greek society over time.
  • The various transformations of the Parthenon—from temple to church to mosque—illustrate the shifting religious and cultural dynamics in Greek society throughout history. Each phase signifies changes in power structures, such as the rise of Christianity following the decline of pagan beliefs, as well as foreign influences brought by conquerors. This adaptability also reflects how architecture can serve as a canvas for historical narratives, illustrating resilience and continuity amidst change.

Related terms

Doric Order: One of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by sturdy columns with plain capitals and no base.

Acropolis: A high citadel in ancient Greek cities, most famously the one in Athens, which served as a religious center and housed several important temples.

Athena: The ancient Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts, revered as the protector of the city of Athens and personified in various sculptures and artworks.