Jacques Derrida

Definition

Jacques Derrida was a prominent French philosopher and a key figure in the postmodern movement. He is best known for his development of the philosophical approach called 'deconstruction', which challenges traditional Western metaphysics and the notion of a fixed, stable meaning in language and texts.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Derrida's deconstruction challenged the Enlightenment ideals of rationality, objectivity, and universal truth, arguing that language is inherently unstable and meaning is always deferred.
2. Derrida's work was influential in the development of postmodernism, which rejects grand narratives and absolute truths in favor of multiple, shifting perspectives.
3. Derrida's concept of 'différance' highlights how meaning is produced through the interplay of difference and deferral, rather than a stable, self-present origin.
4. Derrida's critique of logocentrism - the privileging of speech over writing - was a key aspect of his deconstruction of Western metaphysics.
5. Derrida's ideas had a significant impact on fields such as literary criticism, cultural studies, and social theory, challenging traditional assumptions and opening up new ways of thinking.

Review Questions

• Explain how Derrida's concept of deconstruction challenged Enlightenment theories of rationality and objective truth.
  • Derrida's deconstruction challenged the Enlightenment's emphasis on rationality, objectivity, and universal truth by arguing that language is inherently unstable and meaning is always deferred, never fully present. He rejected the idea of a stable, self-present 'logos' or origin of meaning, and instead highlighted the play of difference and deferral within language. This undermined the Enlightenment's belief in the ability to access absolute, objective knowledge, and paved the way for the postmodern rejection of grand narratives and universal truths.
• Describe the key features of Derrida's concept of 'différance' and how it relates to his critique of Western metaphysics.
  • Derrida's neologism 'différance' refers to the way in which meaning is produced through the interplay of difference and deferral, rather than a stable, self-present origin. This concept challenged the Western philosophical tradition's 'logocentrism' - the privileging of speech over writing and the belief in a fixed, unitary meaning. By highlighting the inherent instability and ambiguity of language, 'différance' undermined the Enlightenment's faith in rational, objective knowledge and the ability to access a transcendent, self-present truth. Derrida's deconstruction of logocentrism was a key aspect of his broader critique of the Western metaphysical tradition.
• Analyze the influence of Derrida's ideas on the development of postmodernism and its impact on various academic disciplines.
  • Derrida's deconstruction and his critique of Enlightenment rationality and universal truth were foundational to the emergence of postmodernism, which rejects grand narratives and absolute truths in favor of multiple, shifting perspectives. Derrida's ideas, particularly his concepts of 'différance' and the inherent instability of language, had a significant impact on fields such as literary criticism, cultural studies, and social theory. By challenging traditional assumptions and opening up new ways of thinking, Derrida's work was instrumental in the postmodern turn, which has transformed the way we approach and understand various academic disciplines. Derrida's influence can be seen in the postmodern embrace of fragmentation, plurality, and the rejection of universal, objective knowledge.

Related terms

Deconstruction: A philosophical theory and method of textual analysis developed by Derrida, which examines the inherent instability and ambiguity of language, undermining the idea of a single, fixed meaning.

Différance: Derrida's neologism that refers to the deferral and difference inherent in language, where meaning is never fully present but constantly deferred and constructed through relations with other terms.

Logocentrism: The Western philosophical tradition's privileging of speech over writing and the belief in a stable, self-present meaning or 'logos' that Derrida sought to deconstruct.