Différance

Definition

Différance is a key concept in the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, a prominent figure in the postmodern movement. It refers to the idea that meaning is never fully present, but rather deferred and differed through an endless play of signifiers. Différance challenges the notion of a stable, self-present meaning and highlights the inherent instability and ambiguity of language and meaning.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Différance is a neologism coined by Derrida that combines the French words 'différer' (to differ) and 'différance' (to defer), highlighting the dual nature of the term.
2. Différance challenges the Saussurean notion of the sign, where the signifier and signified are assumed to have a stable, fixed relationship. Instead, Derrida argues that meaning is constantly deferred and differed, never fully present.
3. Différance is closely linked to Derrida's concept of deconstruction, which involves the systematic dismantling of texts to expose their underlying contradictions and biases.
4. The concept of différance undermines the idea of a stable, self-present meaning and emphasizes the inherent ambiguity and instability of language and meaning.
5. Différance is a key aspect of Derrida's critique of the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, truth, and the metaphysics of presence, which he sees as perpetuating a Western, logocentric tradition.

Review Questions

• Explain how the concept of différance challenges the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, truth, and the metaphysics of presence.
  • The concept of différance challenges the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, truth, and the metaphysics of presence by undermining the idea of a stable, self-present meaning. Derrida argues that meaning is constantly deferred and differed, never fully present, and that language is inherently ambiguous and unstable. This critique of the Enlightenment's reliance on reason and truth as fixed, universal concepts is a central aspect of Derrida's postmodern philosophy and his approach of deconstruction.
• Analyze how Derrida's concept of différance is connected to his broader critique of Saussurean linguistics and the relationship between signifier and signified.
  • Derrida's concept of différance is closely tied to his critique of Saussurean linguistics and the assumed stability of the relationship between signifier and signified. Whereas Saussure posited that the signifier (the material form of a sign) and the signified (the concept or meaning it represents) have a fixed, stable relationship, Derrida's différance highlights the inherent instability and ambiguity of this relationship. By emphasizing the constant deferral and differing of meaning, Derrida undermines the idea of a self-present, unified meaning, and challenges the foundations of Saussurean linguistics and the Western, logocentric tradition more broadly.
• Evaluate the significance of the concept of différance within the broader context of postmodern philosophy and its challenge to Enlightenment thought.
  • The concept of différance is a cornerstone of Derrida's postmodern philosophy and its challenge to Enlightenment thought. By emphasizing the constant deferral and differing of meaning, différance undermines the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, truth, and the metaphysics of presence. This critique of the Enlightenment's reliance on fixed, universal concepts is a central aspect of postmodern philosophy, which seeks to destabilize traditional notions of knowledge, identity, and power. The significance of différance lies in its ability to expose the inherent instability and ambiguity of language and meaning, and to challenge the foundational assumptions of Western, logocentric thought. As such, it is a crucial concept in understanding the broader postmodern critique of Enlightenment philosophy.

Related terms

Deconstruction: Deconstruction is a philosophical and critical approach developed by Derrida that challenges the traditional assumptions of language, meaning, and truth. It involves the systematic dismantling of texts to expose their underlying contradictions and biases.

Signifier and Signified: In Saussurean linguistics, the signifier is the material form of a sign (such as a word), while the signified is the concept or meaning that the signifier represents. Derrida's concept of différance problematizes the assumed stability of the relationship between signifier and signified.

Trace: The trace is a Derridean concept that refers to the idea that every sign or text contains the traces or remnants of other signs or texts, highlighting the inherent instability and intertextuality of language.