Substituents

Definition

Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen atoms on the parent hydrocarbon chain. They play a key role in determining the properties and reactivity of organic molecules.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Substituents can be alkyl groups, halogens, or other functional groups.
2. The position and type of substituent affect the chemical properties and reactivity of the molecule.
3. Substituents are named using prefixes such as methyl-, ethyl-, chloro-, etc., depending on their nature.
4. The IUPAC naming system includes rules for prioritizing substituents when naming complex molecules.
5. Electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effects of substituents influence reaction mechanisms.

Review Questions

• What is a substituent, and how does it affect an organic molecule?
• How are substituents named according to IUPAC rules?
• Explain the difference between electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents.

Related terms

Alkyl Group: An alkyl group is a type of substituent consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain.

Functional Group: A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for characteristic chemical reactions.

IUPAC Nomenclature: IUPAC nomenclature is a standardized system for naming chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.