The Five Civilized Tribes refers to five Native American nations—Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole—that adopted various cultural practices of European settlers during the 19th century. These tribes engaged in agriculture, established schools, and developed written languages, which led to their classification as 'civilized' by European Americans. This label is crucial in understanding the complex dynamics of land dispossession and forced relocation that these tribes faced during the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and subsequent policies.
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