The French Revolution

Definition

The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, which led to the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of democracy, and significant changes in the social structure. It transformed France from a feudal society into a modern nation-state, greatly influencing European culture and politics, including the evolution of theatre and dramatic literature.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convening of the Estates-General, which led to the formation of the National Assembly and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
2. Molière’s influence on French comedy can be seen during this time as his works addressed themes of social criticism, reflecting the revolutionary spirit and ideas about liberty and equality.
3. The revolution inspired notable playwrights across Europe to challenge traditional norms and explore themes of freedom, justice, and human rights in their works.
4. Romantic playwrights like Byron and Shelley were significantly influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution, using their plays to advocate for social change and critique established authority.
5. The fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution marked a pivotal point in theatrical history, as it opened doors for new forms of expression that resonated with revolutionary ideals.

Review Questions

• How did the French Revolution impact the themes explored in Molière's works and subsequent French comedy?
  • The French Revolution brought about a shift in societal attitudes that influenced Molière's comedies, which often critiqued societal norms and hypocrisy. His exploration of characters facing moral dilemmas resonates with revolutionary themes, such as questioning authority and advocating for personal freedom. After Molière, subsequent French comedy evolved to reflect the new values emerging from the revolution, emphasizing social critique and egalitarian principles.
• In what ways did the ideals of the French Revolution inspire notable 18th-century playwrights across Europe?
  • The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity that emerged from the French Revolution resonated with many 18th-century playwrights across Europe. These writers began to incorporate revolutionary themes into their works, often focusing on social justice, human rights, and critiquing oppressive systems. This shift not only enriched European theatre but also encouraged a dialogue about individual rights that would shape dramatic literature in subsequent generations.
• Evaluate how Romantic theatre in England was influenced by the events of the French Revolution and its overarching themes.
  • Romantic theatre in England was profoundly shaped by the events and ideals of the French Revolution. Playwrights like Byron and Shelley used their works to reflect on themes of rebellion against tyranny, personal freedom, and social justice that were prominent during this transformative period. Their plays often depicted heroic characters fighting against oppressive forces, drawing parallels to revolutionary figures in France. This connection not only highlighted a broader struggle for human rights but also ignited discussions around reform and change in England itself.

Related terms

Guillotine: A device used for carrying out executions by beheading, symbolizing the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

Napoleonic Code: A civil code established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804 that laid the foundation for modern legal systems in many countries.

Estates-General: The legislative body in France before the revolution, consisting of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.