Self-determination era

Definition

The self-determination era refers to a significant period, primarily from the 1960s to the 1980s, when Indigenous peoples in the United States, including Native Americans in California, began to assert their rights to govern themselves and control their own destinies. This era marked a shift from assimilation policies to recognition of tribal sovereignty and intergovernmental relationships, emphasizing the importance of cultural revival and self-governance in Native communities.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The self-determination era was characterized by activism and legal battles led by Native American leaders who sought to reclaim rights and authority over their communities.
2. This period saw a resurgence of cultural identity among Indigenous peoples, with many tribes reviving traditional practices, languages, and governance structures.
3. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act was pivotal in empowering tribes to manage their own affairs and receive federal funding directly.
4. During this era, key court cases established important precedents for tribal sovereignty, reinforcing the legal recognition of tribes as distinct political entities.
5. The self-determination era played a crucial role in shaping contemporary Native American policy, leading to ongoing advocacy for rights and recognition in intergovernmental relations.

Review Questions

• How did the self-determination era shift the focus of Native American policies from previous government approaches?
  • The self-determination era shifted the focus from assimilation policies, which aimed to integrate Native Americans into mainstream society, to recognizing tribal sovereignty and empowering Indigenous communities. This transition was marked by a push for self-governance, where tribes began advocating for their rights to control their own affairs without external interference. Activism during this period highlighted the importance of cultural identity and led to significant legislative changes that supported tribal autonomy.
• Discuss the impact of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act on Native American communities during the self-determination era.
  • The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act had a transformative impact on Native American communities by granting them increased control over education and social services. This legislation enabled tribes to take charge of federal funding and programs, allowing them to tailor services according to their unique cultural needs. By fostering self-governance, the Act empowered tribes to address local issues more effectively, leading to improved community development and cultural revival.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of the self-determination era on contemporary intergovernmental relationships between tribes and state or federal governments.
  • The self-determination era has had profound long-term effects on intergovernmental relationships between tribes and state or federal governments. It established a framework for recognizing tribal sovereignty, which has allowed Indigenous nations to negotiate treaties and agreements that respect their autonomy. The continued advocacy for rights originating from this era influences ongoing discussions about land use, resource management, and social services, contributing to a more collaborative approach in addressing issues faced by Native American communities today.

Related terms

Tribal Sovereignty: The inherent authority of Indigenous tribes to govern themselves, make their own laws, and maintain control over their lands and resources.

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act: A U.S. federal law enacted in 1975 that aimed to enhance Indian self-determination by allowing tribes greater control over education and social services.

Termination Policy: A policy adopted by the U.S. government in the 1950s that aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society by ending the recognition of tribal sovereignty and dismantling reservations.