Quindecimviri

Definition

The quindecimviri was a group of fifteen men in ancient Rome responsible for the administration and supervision of the Sibylline Books, which contained oracles and prophecies considered crucial for guiding the Roman state. This group played a key role in interpreting divine messages and ensuring the proper response to threats against the Republic.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The quindecimviri were established in 367 BCE to manage the Sibylline Books after the original three men, known as the duumviri, were found insufficient for the task.
2. Members of the quindecimviri were typically drawn from the ranks of Rome's elite and included both patricians and plebeians, showcasing a degree of political inclusivity.
3. They would consult the Sibylline Books during critical moments, especially during wars or natural disasters, to seek guidance from the divine.
4. The quindecimviri had significant influence over public policy, as their interpretations of oracles could lead to decisions on military actions or religious rites.
5. Over time, the importance of the quindecimviri diminished as other forms of divination and political power emerged, especially during the late Republic.

Review Questions

• How did the role of quindecimviri evolve over time in relation to Roman state affairs?
  • Initially, the quindecimviri played a vital role in interpreting oracles that influenced major decisions in Roman state affairs. They were crucial during crises, such as wars or plagues, providing guidance through the Sibylline Books. However, as Rome transitioned towards a more complex political structure with various forms of divination emerging, their influence waned. Eventually, other divinatory practices and political institutions began to overshadow their authority.
• What was the significance of the Sibylline Books in Roman culture and governance, and how did the quindecimviri relate to them?
  • The Sibylline Books were immensely significant in Roman culture as they contained prophecies that were believed to directly reflect divine will concerning Rome's fate. The quindecimviri were tasked with overseeing these texts, interpreting them, and advising on state actions based on their insights. Their interpretations could dictate responses to crises and shaped religious practices within Rome. Thus, they served as intermediaries between the divine and human governance.
• Evaluate how the responsibilities of the quindecimviri highlight the relationship between religion and politics in ancient Rome.
  • The responsibilities of the quindecimviri underscore a deep intertwining of religion and politics in ancient Rome. By managing and interpreting the Sibylline Books, they not only acted as religious figures but also wielded considerable political power that could influence legislative decisions and military strategies. This relationship illustrates how political leaders often relied on religious authority for legitimacy and guidance, reflecting a society where divine approval was seen as essential for successful governance. Such dynamics reveal how intertwined these two aspects were in shaping Roman identity and state actions.

Related terms

Sibylline Books: A collection of prophetic writings, believed to contain oracles that foretold the fate of Rome, consulted during times of crisis.

Augurs: Priests in ancient Rome who interpreted the will of the gods by studying the flight patterns of birds and other omens.

Delphi: An ancient Greek sanctuary famous for its oracle, where Pythia, the priestess, delivered prophecies inspired by Apollo.