Critical period hypothesis

Definition

The critical period hypothesis suggests that there is a specific window of time during which individuals must be exposed to language in order to acquire it fully and naturally. This concept highlights the importance of early childhood experiences in language development, indicating that after a certain age, typically around puberty, it becomes significantly harder to learn a language to a native level. The hypothesis draws attention to the biological and cognitive factors that influence language acquisition, making it a crucial aspect of understanding how humans learn languages.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Research indicates that children who are exposed to a second language before the age of seven are more likely to achieve native-like proficiency compared to those who start later.
2. The critical period hypothesis is often supported by studies of feral children, who missed critical early language exposure and struggled to acquire language later in life.
3. Some theories suggest that neurological changes that occur around puberty limit the brain's ability to easily adapt to new languages, making acquisition more challenging.
4. This hypothesis has implications for educational practices, emphasizing the need for early language instruction in schools.
5. The critical period hypothesis can also inform approaches in linguistics and psychology regarding bilingualism and its cognitive effects.

Review Questions

• How does the critical period hypothesis relate to the idea of innate abilities in language learning?
  • The critical period hypothesis supports the notion that humans possess innate abilities for language learning, as proposed by theories like the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). During the critical period, children's brains are particularly receptive to linguistic input, allowing them to acquire languages naturally and intuitively. This suggests that there is a biological underpinning to language development that is most effective when engaged during early childhood.
• Evaluate the evidence supporting the critical period hypothesis through real-life examples or research studies.
  • Evidence for the critical period hypothesis includes cases of children like Genie, who were isolated from language input during crucial developmental years. Studies have shown that despite intensive training after being found, she was unable to fully acquire grammar or syntax. Additionally, research on bilingualism highlights that individuals exposed to multiple languages in early childhood tend to achieve fluency and native-like pronunciation, while those who begin learning later often face significant challenges.
• Discuss the implications of the critical period hypothesis for teaching second languages in schools.
  • The critical period hypothesis underscores the importance of introducing second languages at an early age in educational settings. Given that younger learners are more likely to achieve native-like proficiency, educators should design curricula that incorporate immersive and engaging language experiences for children. This could involve activities like storytelling, songs, and interactive play in the target language, reinforcing not only linguistic skills but also cognitive flexibility and cultural awareness. By recognizing this timing effect, schools can foster more effective and meaningful language learning opportunities.

Related terms

Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A theoretical construct proposed by Noam Chomsky, suggesting that humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language, which facilitates understanding and producing language.

Sensitive Period: A time frame during development when individuals are particularly receptive to acquiring certain skills or knowledge, which is broader than the critical period but also emphasizes the importance of timing.

Second Language Acquisition (SLA): The process by which people learn a second language, which can be significantly influenced by age and exposure, in line with the principles of the critical period hypothesis.