Extracellular signals

Definition

Extracellular signals are molecules or substances that are released by cells and act on other cells, playing a critical role in cellular communication and coordination. These signals can initiate various biological responses, influencing processes like growth, differentiation, and metabolism. They interact with specific receptors on target cells, leading to a cascade of signaling events that ultimately dictate cellular behavior and function.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Extracellular signals can be categorized into different types, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors, each with unique functions and modes of action.
2. The binding of an extracellular signal to its receptor can lead to changes in gene expression, allowing the cell to adapt its behavior in response to environmental cues.
3. Different cells may respond differently to the same extracellular signal based on the types of receptors they express and the intracellular signaling pathways activated.
4. Extracellular signals can have local effects (like neurotransmitters acting in synapses) or systemic effects (like hormones circulating in the bloodstream).
5. Disruptions in extracellular signaling can lead to various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting their importance in maintaining normal cellular function.

Review Questions

• How do extracellular signals influence cellular processes like growth and differentiation?
  • Extracellular signals play a vital role in influencing cellular processes by binding to specific receptors on target cells. When these signals attach to their receptors, they trigger a series of intracellular signaling cascades that can alter gene expression and cellular behavior. For example, growth factors can stimulate cell division and differentiation by activating pathways that lead to the production of proteins essential for these processes.
• Discuss the mechanisms by which receptors for extracellular signals transduce information into cellular responses.
  • Receptors for extracellular signals function by binding specific ligands, which leads to a conformational change in the receptor. This change often activates associated proteins or enzymes inside the cell, initiating a cascade of biochemical reactions known as signal transduction. These pathways can result in a variety of outcomes, such as changes in gene expression, alteration of metabolic activity, or even programmed cell death, depending on the type of signal and the context within which it operates.
• Evaluate the role of extracellular signals in maintaining homeostasis within multicellular organisms.
  • Extracellular signals are essential for maintaining homeostasis within multicellular organisms by facilitating communication between different cell types. These signals allow cells to coordinate their activities, respond to changes in their environment, and maintain equilibrium across various systems. For instance, hormones like insulin help regulate glucose levels in the blood, ensuring that energy supply meets demand. Disruptions in these signaling pathways can lead to imbalances that may cause diseases such as diabetes or metabolic disorders.

Related terms

Receptors: Proteins located on the surface of cells or within cells that bind to extracellular signals, triggering a response within the cell.

Signal transduction: The process by which extracellular signals are converted into cellular responses through a series of molecular events and interactions.

Ligands: Molecules that specifically bind to receptors, acting as extracellular signals that can activate or inhibit cellular functions.