Middle English Literature

Definition

Middle English literature refers to the body of works produced in England during the period from approximately 1150 to 1500, characterized by the use of Middle English, a language that evolved from Old English and was heavily influenced by Norman French. This era saw a rich diversity of literary forms, including poetry, prose, and drama, with themes often centered around chivalry, religion, and social commentary.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Middle English literature emerged after the Norman Conquest, which introduced significant French vocabulary and literary styles into English writing.
2. The literature of this period includes notable works such as 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight' and 'Piers Plowman,' showcasing a blend of both secular and religious themes.
3. Poetry from this era often utilized alliterative verse, reflecting the oral traditions of earlier Anglo-Saxon poetry while adapting to new linguistic trends.
4. 'The Canterbury Tales' is considered a landmark in Middle English literature for its use of a variety of dialects and its insight into 14th-century society.
5. The transition from Middle English to Early Modern English was gradual, with changes in grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary continuing to evolve towards the end of this period.

Review Questions

• How did the Norman Conquest influence the development of Middle English literature?
  • The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought significant changes to England's linguistic landscape. It led to the introduction of Norman French as the language of the ruling class and administration, which heavily influenced Middle English. This fusion created a more diverse vocabulary and allowed for new literary forms and themes to emerge. As a result, Middle English literature reflects a rich interplay between native Anglo-Saxon traditions and continental literary influences.
• Discuss the role of alliterative verse in Middle English poetry and how it connects to earlier poetic traditions.
  • Alliterative verse played a significant role in Middle English poetry by drawing on traditional Anglo-Saxon poetic forms that emphasized sound patterns. This technique relies on the repetition of initial consonant sounds to create rhythm and enhance the auditory experience of poetry. Works like 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight' showcase this style, linking Middle English literature to its earlier roots while simultaneously adapting it to contemporary themes and linguistic changes.
• Evaluate how Middle English literature reflects societal values and issues of its time, using specific examples.
  • Middle English literature serves as a mirror to the societal values and issues prevalent during its time, offering insights into various aspects like class structure, morality, and religion. For instance, 'The Canterbury Tales' presents a diverse range of characters from different social backgrounds, highlighting their virtues and flaws. Similarly, works like 'Piers Plowman' address social justice and critique the corruption within the church and society. These texts not only entertain but also provoke thought about moral and ethical dilemmas faced by individuals during this transformative period.

Related terms

Chaucer: Geoffrey Chaucer was a key figure in Middle English literature, best known for 'The Canterbury Tales,' which uses a frame narrative to tell the stories of various pilgrims.

Alliterative Verse: A poetic form prevalent during the Middle English period that relies on the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, emphasizing rhythm and sound.

Mystery Plays: Dramatic performances during the Middle Ages that depicted biblical stories and were often staged by guilds or local communities as part of religious festivals.