Borobudur

Definition

Borobudur is a massive Buddhist temple complex located in Central Java, Indonesia, constructed in the 9th century during the Sailendra Dynasty. This iconic structure is renowned for its intricate carvings and monumental stupas, serving as a symbol of Mahayana Buddhism and reflecting the philosophical and spiritual influences that shaped East Asian art and architecture.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Borobudur is designed as a mandala, symbolizing the universe and representing the journey towards enlightenment.
2. The temple features over 2,600 relief panels that narrate various Buddhist teachings and stories from Jataka tales.
3. There are 72 open stupas at Borobudur, each containing a statue of the Buddha, symbolizing the attainment of nirvana.
4. The structure was abandoned in the 14th century due to a decline in Buddhist influence and was largely forgotten until rediscovered in the 19th century.
5. In 1991, Borobudur was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting its significance as a masterpiece of Buddhist art and architecture.

Review Questions

• How does Borobudur reflect the principles of Mahayana Buddhism through its architectural design and iconography?
  • Borobudur embodies Mahayana Buddhism through its intricate architectural design, which represents the path to enlightenment. The temple's mandala layout illustrates the universe, guiding pilgrims through levels of spiritual progression. The numerous relief panels depict Jataka tales and Buddhist teachings, emphasizing compassion and wisdom—core tenets of Mahayana belief. The presence of multiple stupas symbolizes the attainment of nirvana, making Borobudur not just a religious site but a profound expression of Buddhist philosophy.
• Discuss the historical significance of the Sailendra Dynasty in relation to Borobudur's construction and its impact on Southeast Asian art.
  • The Sailendra Dynasty played a crucial role in Borobudur's construction, demonstrating their commitment to Buddhism and artistic patronage. Their rule during the 8th to 9th centuries allowed for significant advancements in religious architecture and sculptural artistry in Southeast Asia. The legacy of Borobudur underlines how the Sailendra Dynasty influenced regional artistic practices, integrating Indian styles with local traditions. This blend not only shaped subsequent Buddhist structures but also laid foundations for future cultural developments across the region.
• Evaluate the restoration efforts made at Borobudur since its rediscovery and how these efforts have influenced perceptions of Buddhist art in East Asia.
  • Since its rediscovery in the 19th century, extensive restoration efforts at Borobudur have highlighted its importance as a masterpiece of Buddhist art. These restorations aimed to preserve both its structural integrity and artistic details, resulting in renewed interest among scholars and tourists alike. The conservation work has led to greater appreciation of how Borobudur exemplifies the cultural synthesis of Buddhist beliefs with local traditions. As awareness grows, Borobudur serves as a critical reference point for understanding the evolution of Buddhist art across East Asia and its enduring influence on contemporary practices.

Related terms

Stupa:

A dome-shaped structure that serves as a Buddhist shrine, often containing relics and used as a place for meditation.

Mahayana Buddhism:

A major branch of Buddhism that emphasizes the role of bodhisattvas and the importance of compassion and wisdom.

Sailendra Dynasty: An influential dynasty in Southeast Asia known for its patronage of Buddhist art and architecture, including the construction of Borobudur.