Capital

Definition

In the context of ancient Greek architecture, 'capital' refers to the topmost element of a column, which serves both structural and decorative purposes. The design of capitals varies significantly between the Doric and Ionic orders, with each style embodying distinct artistic characteristics that reflect their cultural significance. Capitals not only support the architrave but also convey important visual and symbolic messages in the overall design of temples and other structures.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Doric capital is typically plain and has a cushion-like shape, which emphasizes a sense of strength and stability in structures.
2. In contrast, the Ionic capital features decorative scroll-like volutes that add a sense of elegance and fluidity to the architectural design.
3. Capitals are not just functional; they also serve as a key indicator of the architectural order being used, helping viewers identify the style at a glance.
4. The evolution of capitals from the simple Doric style to the more elaborate Ionic style reflects broader shifts in Greek culture from the Archaic to the Classical periods.
5. Capitals often included floral motifs or inscriptions, serving both aesthetic purposes and conveying messages about the building's significance or purpose.

Review Questions

• Compare and contrast the characteristics of Doric and Ionic capitals in terms of their design elements and what they represent.
  • Doric capitals are characterized by their simplicity and strength, often appearing cushion-like with no ornate decoration. In contrast, Ionic capitals feature distinctive scrolls or volutes that give them a more delicate and graceful appearance. These differences not only highlight the architectural styles but also represent broader cultural values: Doric reflecting sturdiness and masculinity while Ionic embodies elegance and femininity. This contrast illustrates how architectural choices are closely tied to societal ideals during ancient Greek times.
• Discuss how the design of capitals contributes to the overall visual impact of Greek temples and their cultural significance.
  • Capitals play a vital role in shaping the visual impact of Greek temples by serving as a transition between the columns and the entablature. The choice of capital can dramatically alter the temple's aesthetic appeal; for instance, an Ionic capital adds a sense of lightness and refinement compared to the robust Doric style. This visual hierarchy not only enhances the architectural beauty but also symbolizes cultural values—Doric temples may convey strength associated with male deities, while Ionic temples evoke a sense of grace linked to feminine qualities. Thus, capitals are essential for understanding how architecture communicates cultural significance.
• Evaluate the importance of capitals in reflecting changes in Greek architectural styles from the Archaic period to the Classical period.
  • Capitals serve as crucial indicators of shifts in Greek architectural styles from the Archaic to Classical periods. During the Archaic period, Doric capitals emphasize solidity and functionality as expressions of strength. As architecture evolved into the Classical period, there was a notable transition towards more ornate designs like the Ionic capitals, which introduced elements of elegance and artistic expression. This evolution highlights broader cultural changes: as society became more focused on beauty and refinement, architecture adapted accordingly. By analyzing capitals, one can trace these significant transformations in Greek art and architecture that reflect changing social values.

Related terms

Doric Order: A style of column characterized by its sturdy, fluted shaft and simple, unadorned capital, representing strength and masculinity in ancient Greek architecture.

Ionic Order: A more slender and elegant style of column, known for its volute (spiral) capitals, reflecting grace and femininity in ancient Greek architectural design.

Entablature: The horizontal structure supported by columns, consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice, playing a crucial role in the overall composition of classical architecture.