Great Altar of Pergamon

Definition

The Great Altar of Pergamon is an impressive monumental structure built in the 2nd century B.C. dedicated to Zeus and Athena, located in the ancient city of Pergamon in modern-day Turkey. This altar showcases the grandeur of Hellenistic architecture and serves as a symbol of the political power and cultural sophistication of Pergamon during its height, highlighting the patronage of the arts by wealthy rulers seeking to assert their influence.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Great Altar is renowned for its impressive friezes that depict the Gigantomachy, a mythological battle between gods and giants, illustrating themes of victory and divine power.
2. It was originally situated on a high terrace, which elevated its visibility and grandeur, emphasizing its importance in both religious and civic life.
3. The altar was constructed under the rule of King Eumenes II, who used it to promote both religious devotion and his political agenda in the region.
4. Architecturally, the Great Altar combines elements of Ionic and Doric styles, showcasing innovation in Hellenistic design and representing a blend of artistic influences.
5. Today, much of the altar's sculptural reliefs can be found in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, providing insight into Hellenistic art and culture.

Review Questions

• How does the Great Altar of Pergamon reflect the values and ideals of Hellenistic society?
  • The Great Altar of Pergamon embodies key values of Hellenistic society through its grand scale, elaborate sculptural reliefs, and themes that emphasize power, heroism, and divine favor. The depiction of the Gigantomachy on the altar's frieze not only showcases artistic skill but also symbolizes the triumph of civilization over chaos. This reflects the cultural aspiration for glory and success that characterized Hellenistic rulers' patronage of the arts as a means to legitimize their power.
• Discuss how the architectural design of the Great Altar integrates artistic innovation with political messaging.
  • The architectural design of the Great Altar utilizes a combination of Ionic and Doric elements to create a visually striking structure that stands as both a religious site and a political statement. By situating the altar on a high terrace and integrating dynamic sculptural reliefs that celebrate victory and divine intervention, it communicates messages about the power and legitimacy of King Eumenes II's rule. This blend of artistry and architecture served to elevate Pergamon's status among Hellenistic city-states while reinforcing political narratives.
• Evaluate the impact of the Great Altar of Pergamon on subsequent artistic expressions in later periods.
  • The Great Altar of Pergamon had a lasting impact on subsequent artistic expressions by setting a high standard for narrative relief sculpture and monumental architecture. Its dramatic scenes influenced Roman art and architecture, particularly in their use of grand friezes that convey historical narratives. Additionally, its emphasis on emotional depth and realism can be seen in later periods such as the Baroque, where similar themes were explored. The altar's synthesis of art and politics also served as a model for future rulers who sought to communicate their power through monumental public works.

Related terms

Hellenistic Art: A style of art that emerged after the conquests of Alexander the Great, characterized by dramatic expression, intricate details, and a focus on realism and emotion.

Sculptural Reliefs: Artistic elements carved into the surface of a material, often depicting complex narratives or mythological scenes, which are prominent features of the Great Altar.

Attalid Dynasty: The ruling dynasty of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, known for its contributions to culture, arts, and politics, particularly through the patronage exemplified by the Great Altar.