ζ(s)

Definition

The Riemann zeta function, denoted as ζ(s), is a complex function defined for complex numbers s with real part greater than 1, which can be analytically continued to other values, except for s = 1 where it has a simple pole. This function plays a crucial role in number theory, particularly in the distribution of prime numbers, as it connects prime numbers with the zeros of the zeta function through the Euler product formula and the nontrivial zeros related to the famous Riemann Hypothesis.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Riemann zeta function is defined by the series $$ ext{ζ}(s) = rac{1}{1^s} + rac{1}{2^s} + rac{1}{3^s} + ...$$ for $$ ext{Re}(s) > 1$$.
2. The Euler product formula shows that ζ(s) can be expressed as a product over all prime numbers: $$ ext{ζ}(s) = rac{1}{ ext{p}^{s}}$$ where p are prime numbers.
3. The function can be analytically continued to all complex numbers s except for s = 1, where it has a simple pole.
4. The nontrivial zeros of the zeta function, which are closely tied to the distribution of prime numbers, are believed to lie on the critical line $$ ext{Re}(s) = rac{1}{2}$$.
5. The values of ζ(s) at negative integers yield fascinating results, including connections to Bernoulli numbers through the formula: $$ ext{ζ}(-n) = -rac{B_{n+1}}{n+1}$$ for n a positive integer.

Review Questions

• How does the Riemann zeta function relate to the distribution of prime numbers?
  • The Riemann zeta function is deeply connected to prime numbers through its Euler product formula. This formula expresses ζ(s) as an infinite product over all primes, indicating that the behavior of ζ(s) is inherently linked to primes. Moreover, the nontrivial zeros of ζ(s) provide insight into how primes are distributed among integers, making it a fundamental tool in number theory.
• What are the implications of analytically continuing ζ(s) to values outside its initial domain?
  • Analytic continuation allows ζ(s) to be evaluated for a broader range of complex numbers, excluding s = 1. This extension reveals important properties and relationships of ζ(s), including connections to deep results in number theory. For instance, understanding its behavior at negative integers leads to valuable results involving Bernoulli numbers and provides insight into its zeros, which are central to the Riemann Hypothesis.
• Evaluate how the Riemann Hypothesis links with the zeros of ζ(s) and its impact on number theory.
  • The Riemann Hypothesis posits that all nontrivial zeros of ζ(s) lie on the critical line where $$ ext{Re}(s) = rac{1}{2}$$. This conjecture has profound implications for number theory because it would imply a much deeper understanding of how primes are distributed among integers. If proven true, it would confirm many results concerning the distribution of primes and provide tighter bounds on their occurrences, transforming our comprehension of number theory fundamentally.

Related terms

Analytic Continuation: A technique in complex analysis that extends the domain of a given analytic function beyond its original domain.

Prime Number Theorem: A fundamental theorem in number theory that describes the asymptotic distribution of prime numbers among the integers.

Riemann Hypothesis: A conjecture in mathematics that asserts all nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line where the real part of s is 1/2.