Stratigraphic excavation

Definition

Stratigraphic excavation is a method used in archaeology to systematically excavate layers of soil and artifacts to understand the chronological sequence of human activity at a site. This technique relies on the principle of stratigraphy, which states that deeper layers are older than those above them, allowing archaeologists to uncover the history of a site by examining how these layers have accumulated over time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Stratigraphic excavation often involves digging in square or rectangular grids to maintain precise control over the layers being excavated.
2. Each layer or stratum is recorded meticulously, noting the depth and any artifacts found, which helps in reconstructing the historical context.
3. This method allows archaeologists to identify changes in technology, culture, and environment over time by analyzing the stratified layers.
4. Stratigraphic excavation is crucial for understanding the sequence of occupation at historical sites, revealing patterns of settlement and abandonment.
5. It often requires careful analysis and documentation of the soil types and colors to interpret past environmental conditions and human interactions.

Review Questions

• How does stratigraphic excavation help in understanding the chronological sequence of human activity at archaeological sites?
  • Stratigraphic excavation helps establish a timeline by examining the layers of soil, where each layer represents a different period of human activity. By following the principle that deeper layers are older, archaeologists can piece together how cultures evolved and changed over time. The careful recording of artifacts within these layers provides context that is essential for interpreting the significance of findings and understanding historical developments.
• Discuss the importance of context in stratigraphic excavation and how it influences archaeological interpretations.
  • Context is critical in stratigraphic excavation as it provides information about how artifacts relate to one another and to the layers they are found in. Understanding context allows archaeologists to make informed interpretations about past human behaviors, social structures, and environmental interactions. Without context, an artifact's significance could be easily misinterpreted, leading to inaccurate conclusions about a site's history.
• Evaluate the challenges faced during stratigraphic excavation and how they impact the interpretation of archaeological data.
  • Challenges during stratigraphic excavation include natural disturbances such as erosion or flooding, which can alter or destroy strata. Human activities like construction can also disturb layers, complicating interpretations. Additionally, ensuring accurate documentation and managing complex stratigraphy can be daunting. These challenges impact how well archaeologists can reconstruct historical narratives since any disruption can obscure critical information about past societies and their environments.

Related terms

Context: The relationship between artifacts and their environment, including their location, associated materials, and the stratigraphic layers in which they are found.

Trowel: A small hand tool used by archaeologists to carefully excavate soil and artifacts during the stratigraphic excavation process.

Feature: An immovable structure or layer, such as a wall or a pit, identified during excavation that provides information about human activities at a site.