Second Temple Judaism

Definition

Second Temple Judaism refers to the religious practices, beliefs, and community life of the Jewish people during the time of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which existed from 516 BCE to 70 CE. This period was marked by significant developments in Jewish thought, culture, and identity, particularly in response to foreign rule and internal divisions. Understanding Second Temple Judaism is crucial for grasping the historical context of early Christianity and the evolution of Jewish religious practices.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE after the return from Babylonian exile, serving as a central place of worship until its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE.
2. During this period, there was a significant increase in Jewish writings, including texts that would later be included in the New Testament and other apocryphal works.
3. Second Temple Judaism saw the rise of different sects, such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots, each with unique beliefs and practices.
4. The religious landscape of Second Temple Judaism was shaped by external influences from Hellenism, leading to adaptations in Jewish thought and worship.
5. The destruction of the Second Temple marked a pivotal point in Jewish history, leading to the development of Rabbinic Judaism and a shift from temple-based worship to synagogue-based practices.

Review Questions

• How did Second Temple Judaism respond to the cultural influences of Hellenism during its existence?
  • Second Temple Judaism adapted to Hellenistic culture by integrating some philosophical ideas while maintaining core Jewish beliefs. This period saw a blending of cultural practices, which influenced Jewish thought and interpretation of scriptures. The emergence of different sects reflected various responses to these influences; for example, the Pharisees incorporated Hellenistic ideas into their oral traditions while remaining committed to Jewish law.
• Discuss the significance of the sectarian diversity within Second Temple Judaism and its impact on religious identity.
  • The sectarian diversity within Second Temple Judaism, highlighted by groups like the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots, played a crucial role in shaping religious identity. Each sect offered different interpretations of scripture and varying approaches to law observance. This diversity allowed for a rich theological discourse that influenced later developments in Judaism and provided a backdrop for early Christianity as different beliefs about messianic expectations emerged.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of the destruction of the Second Temple on Jewish religious practices and community life.
  • The destruction of the Second Temple had profound long-term effects on Jewish religious practices and community life. It marked the end of temple-centric worship and prompted a shift towards Rabbinic Judaism, where study of scripture and synagogue worship became central. This transition fostered a resilient community that adapted its practices around local synagogues rather than a central temple. It also influenced Jewish identity as communities evolved across different regions, leading to diverse traditions while maintaining core beliefs.

Related terms

Diaspora: The dispersion of Jews beyond Israel, particularly during and after the Babylonian Exile, leading to diverse Jewish communities and practices.

Pharisees: A prominent Jewish sect during the Second Temple period known for their emphasis on oral tradition and interpretation of the Torah.

Sadducees: A Jewish sect that was active during the Second Temple period, associated with the priestly class and focused on the written Law.