Glossary

4.2 The rise of the Hwarang warriors and their literary contributions

4 min read•august 16, 2024

The Unified Silla Period saw the rise of the warriors, an elite youth corps that shaped Korean society. These "Flower Boys" combined martial prowess with artistic pursuits, playing a crucial role in Silla's military success and cultural development.

The Hwarang left a lasting literary legacy, particularly in the creation of . This unique Korean verse form, along with their other writings, blended native traditions with Buddhist and Confucian influences, setting the stage for future Korean literature and cultural practices.

Hwarang Warriors in Silla Society

Origins and Structure of the Hwarang

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  • Hwarang ("Flower Boys") emerged in 6th century during Three Kingdoms period as elite youth corps in Silla Kingdom
  • King Jinheung of Silla (540-576 CE) institutionalized Hwarang system cultivated future military and political leaders from aristocratic families
  • Hwarang combined martial arts training with intellectual and artistic pursuits (poetry, music, Buddhist philosophy)
  • Members selected for beauty, intellect, and physical prowess reflected Silla's emphasis on martial and cultural excellence
  • Hwarang adhered to strict code of ethics known as Sesok-ogye (Five Secular Precepts) emphasized loyalty, filial piety, and social responsibility

Military and Social Significance

  • Hwarang played crucial role in Silla's military campaigns led to unification of Korean Peninsula under Silla rule in 668 CE
  • Established model for ideal Korean scholar-warrior influenced later concepts of masculinity and leadership in Korean society
  • Integrated , native shamanic beliefs, and Confucian ethics in their practices contributed to syncretic nature of Korean religious and philosophical thought
  • Ethical code (Sesok-ogye) continued to influence Korean moral philosophy and military ethics long after fall of Silla

Literary Contributions of the Hwarang

Development of Hyangga Poetry

  • Hwarang instrumental in developing and popularizing hyangga unique form of Korean vernacular poetry emerged during Silla period
  • Hyangga written in native Korean language using Chinese characters (idu script) allowed expression of distinctly Korean themes and emotions
  • Structure typically consisted of four, eight, or ten lines with specific syllabic pattern distinguished it from Chinese poetry forms
  • and Gyunyeojeon preserved 25 extant hyangga poems many attributed to Hwarang members or their mentors

Diverse Literary Pursuits

  • Hwarang poets composed hyangga to commemorate significant events, express Buddhist devotion, or capture beauty of nature and human emotions
  • Literary pursuits also included composition of Chinese-style poetry (hanshi) and study of Confucian and Buddhist texts
  • Hwarang tradition of combining martial arts with literary and artistic pursuits influenced development of Korean literati class in later periods
  • Hwarang literature preserved early examples of Korean language usage and cultural practices provided valuable insights for historians and linguists studying pre-modern Korea

Themes and Styles of Hwarang Literature

Thematic Elements

  • Hwarang literature explored themes of loyalty to state, Buddhist devotion, and appreciation of natural beauty reflected values of Silla society
  • "Song of the Comet" attributed to Hwarang Chuhang exemplified use of natural imagery to convey political messages and loyalty to king
  • Buddhist themes prominent in works like "Hymn to the Dragon Palace" blended native Korean beliefs with Buddhist cosmology
  • Some compositions (Flower Songs) incorporated elements of oral tradition and folk beliefs bridged elite and popular culture

Stylistic Features

  • Hwarang poetry employed vivid sensory imagery and emotional expressions created distinctly Korean aesthetic differed from Chinese literary norms
  • Use of symbolism and allusion in Hwarang works reflected sophisticated education and familiarity with both native Korean and Chinese literary traditions
  • "Ode to Knight Kip'a" composed by Wolmyong demonstrated elegiac style used to honor fallen Hwarang warriors and their virtues
  • Vivid descriptions of nature and human emotions characterized many Hwarang compositions (cherry blossoms, mountain streams)

Lasting Impact of the Hwarang

Influence on Korean Literature

  • Development of hyangga poetry by Hwarang laid foundation for subsequent forms of Korean vernacular literature (Goryeo songs, sijo poetry)
  • Hwarang's emphasis on combining martial arts with literary pursuits influenced development of neo-Confucian scholar-official class during Joseon period
  • Romantic and heroic image of Hwarang recurring theme in modern Korean literature, film, and popular culture often serves as symbol of national identity

Cultural Legacy

  • Hwarang tradition established enduring ideal of balancing physical, intellectual, and artistic pursuits in Korean education
  • Integration of various philosophical and religious elements in Hwarang practices contributed to syncretic nature of Korean culture
  • Hwarang's code of ethics (Sesok-ogye) continued to influence Korean moral philosophy and military training long after Silla period
  • Archaeological discoveries of Hwarang-related artifacts (swords, ornaments) provide tangible links to Silla's cultural heritage

Key Terms to Review (18)

Buddhism: Buddhism is a spiritual tradition founded in the 5th century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, emphasizing the path to enlightenment through practices such as meditation, ethical conduct, and wisdom. In Korea, it has significantly influenced cultural expressions, philosophical thought, and artistic development throughout history.
Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms is a historical text that chronicles the events and figures of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, encompassing the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This text is significant for understanding the cultural and military developments during this tumultuous era, especially as it pertains to the emergence of the Hwarang warriors, who played a pivotal role in shaping Korean identity and literature.
Confucianism: Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing moral integrity, social harmony, and respect for authority and tradition. This ideology profoundly influenced Korean society, shaping its governance, education, and cultural practices throughout history.
Daoism: Daoism is a philosophical and spiritual tradition from ancient China that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao, which is understood as the fundamental principle that underlies and unites all things in the universe. It advocates for simplicity, spontaneity, and a deep connection to nature, influencing various aspects of culture, including literature, art, and political thought. The principles of Daoism resonate throughout Korean history, especially in the context of early kingdoms and the formation of cultural identities.
Formation of the Hwarang: The formation of the Hwarang refers to the establishment of an elite warrior group during the Silla dynasty in ancient Korea, which combined martial prowess with cultural and intellectual pursuits. This organization played a crucial role in shaping Korean military and societal values, promoting loyalty, bravery, and a sense of identity while also contributing to the development of Korean literature and arts.
Friendship: Friendship refers to a close and trusted relationship between individuals that is characterized by mutual affection, support, and camaraderie. In the context of the Hwarang warriors, friendship was not only a personal bond but also a vital aspect of their training and warrior ethos, emphasizing loyalty, shared values, and collective identity.
Heroism: Heroism refers to the qualities and actions of individuals who display exceptional courage, bravery, and selflessness in the face of adversity. This concept is often celebrated in literature and culture, where heroes embody ideals that inspire others and contribute to societal values. In Korean literature, heroism is reflected through various narratives that highlight the influence of oral traditions, the valor of warriors, and the cultural significance of storytelling forms.
Hwarang: Hwarang refers to an elite group of youth in ancient Korea during the Silla dynasty, known for their military prowess, moral character, and dedication to the unification of the Korean peninsula. They were instrumental in shaping the culture and identity of Silla, promoting ideals of loyalty, courage, and friendship while also contributing significantly to the literary and cultural landscape of their time.
Hyangga poetry: Hyangga poetry is a form of traditional Korean verse that emerged during the Silla period, characterized by its unique structure and use of the native Korean language. These poems often express deep emotions and reflect the cultural and spiritual beliefs of the time, serving as an important medium for both personal expression and social commentary during a period marked by significant political and cultural unification.
Kim yushin: Kim Yushin was a prominent military general and statesman during the Silla Kingdom in ancient Korea, known for his significant contributions to the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the 7th century. He played a vital role in the rise of the Hwarang warriors, who were a group of elite young men that served as both military and cultural leaders, helping to shape Silla's military strategies and cultural identity.
Military aristocracy: Military aristocracy refers to a social class that derives its power and status from military service, often characterized by the control of land and resources through military prowess. In the context of the rise of the Hwarang warriors, this class played a pivotal role in shaping the political landscape of ancient Korea while also contributing significantly to its literary culture, as many members were educated and participated in the arts.
Nobility culture: Nobility culture refers to the social practices, values, and artistic expressions that emerged among the aristocratic class in premodern societies. This culture is characterized by an emphasis on education, patronage of the arts, and a distinct lifestyle that often includes specific codes of conduct and a strong sense of identity tied to lineage and status.
Noble Records: Noble records refer to official documents that were maintained by the aristocracy in ancient Korea, particularly during the Silla period. These records included details about lineage, property, and the accomplishments of noble families, serving as a means of preserving heritage and legitimizing social status. They played an important role in documenting the contributions of noble families to society, including their involvement in the military and cultural advancements.
Patriotism: Patriotism is the emotional attachment and devotion one feels toward their nation, often expressed through pride in its culture, history, and values. This sentiment has played a crucial role in shaping national identity and unity, inspiring individuals to take action for their country’s welfare. It can manifest in various forms, including support for national heroes, participation in cultural practices, and resistance against foreign domination.
Samguk yusa: The samguk yusa, or 'Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms,' is a historical text written in the late 13th century by the monk Iryeon. It compiles both historical records and mythical tales about the Three Kingdoms of Korea—Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla—serving as a crucial source for understanding Korean history, mythology, and culture.
Seondeok of Silla: Seondeok of Silla was the first reigning queen in Korean history, ascending to the throne in 632 CE during the Silla Kingdom. Her rule marked a significant shift in gender roles and power structures within a traditionally patriarchal society, reflecting the rise of women in leadership and the influence of Buddhism on governance and culture during her reign.
Silla Unification: Silla Unification refers to the historical period during the late 7th century when the Silla Kingdom successfully unified the Korean Peninsula by defeating its rival kingdoms, Baekje and Goguryeo. This unification marked a significant turning point in Korean history, leading to increased cultural and political consolidation and paving the way for a flourishing of arts, literature, and military prowess, particularly through the influence of the Hwarang warriors.
Warrior elite: The warrior elite refers to a class of highly skilled and respected fighters who were often integral to the military and social structure of ancient societies. In the context of premodern Korea, this term is closely associated with the Hwarang, an elite group of young warriors in the Silla kingdom who not only served as soldiers but also contributed to cultural and literary advancements.
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