Glossary

1.7 Image processing software

14 min read•august 19, 2024

Image processing software is a game-changer for digital art historians. It allows us to enhance, analyze, and present artworks in ways that reveal hidden details and insights. From basic editing to advanced , these tools open up new possibilities for understanding and preserving cultural heritage.

Key features like layers, filters, and make our work more efficient and flexible. Whether using industry-standard software or open-source alternatives, image processing empowers us to dive deeper into artworks and share our findings in compelling ways.

Key features of image processing software

  • Image processing software provides a wide range of tools and capabilities for manipulating digital images, allowing users to enhance, retouch, and creatively transform visual content
  • These features enable digital art historians to analyze, interpret, and present artworks and cultural heritage objects in new ways, revealing details and insights that might not be apparent in the original physical artifacts
  • Key features include editing and retouching tools, layers for non-destructive workflows, filters and effects for creative manipulation, and batch processing for efficient handling of large image collections

Editing vs retouching capabilities

Top images from around the web for Editing vs retouching capabilities

  • 5 Cutting-Edge Innovations in Art History Tech | Getty Iris View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Beyond Digitization—New Possibilities in Digital Art History | Getty Iris View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • 5 Cutting-Edge Innovations in Art History Tech | Getty Iris View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3

Top images from around the web for Editing vs retouching capabilities

  • 5 Cutting-Edge Innovations in Art History Tech | Getty Iris View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Beyond Digitization—New Possibilities in Digital Art History | Getty Iris View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • 5 Cutting-Edge Innovations in Art History Tech | Getty Iris View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3
  • Editing capabilities focus on basic adjustments to an image, such as , resizing, straightening, and making global changes to brightness, contrast, and color balance
    • These tools allow users to correct common issues and prepare images for various purposes (web, print)
  • Retouching involves more precise, localized changes to specific areas of an image, such as removing blemishes, smoothing skin, or adjusting the appearance of particular objects
    • Retouching tools include clone stamps, healing brushes, and patch tools that enable users to seamlessly blend changes into the surrounding image area
  • Advanced editing and retouching capabilities in image processing software provide digital art historians with the means to enhance and restore artworks, revealing details that might be obscured by damage, age, or limitations of the original medium

Layers for non-destructive editing

  • Layers are a fundamental feature of image processing software that allow users to make changes to an image without permanently altering the original pixel data
  • Each layer can contain separate elements of an image, such as adjustments, retouching, or added graphics, which can be independently modified, rearranged, or removed
    • This non-destructive workflow enables users to experiment with different changes and easily revert or refine edits without starting from scratch
  • Layers also support various blending modes and opacity settings, which control how the contents of one layer interact with the layers below it
    • These settings can be used to create sophisticated composites, apply subtle adjustments, or emphasize particular aspects of an image
  • For digital art historians, layers provide a flexible and reversible way to analyze and manipulate artworks, allowing for the exploration of different interpretations and the ability to present multiple versions of an image side-by-side

Filters and effects for creative manipulation

  • Image processing software includes a wide array of filters and effects that can be applied to an image to achieve various creative or stylistic results
  • Filters are automated tools that modify the appearance of an image based on predefined algorithms, such as sharpening, blurring, distorting, or simulating traditional artistic media (charcoal, watercolor)
    • These can be used to enhance certain aspects of an image, create artistic renderings, or simulate the look of historical photographic processes
  • Effects are more complex manipulations that often combine multiple filters and adjustments to achieve a specific visual outcome, such as adding realistic lighting, textures, or motion blur to an image
    • Effects can be used to create convincing digital reconstructions, visualize hypothetical scenarios, or produce engaging presentations of artworks and cultural heritage objects
  • For digital art historians, filters and effects offer a means to explore creative interpretations of artworks, generate visual aids for research and teaching, and engage audiences with compelling representations of cultural heritage

Batch processing for efficiency

  • Batch processing is a feature of image processing software that allows users to apply a series of predefined actions or adjustments to multiple images simultaneously
  • This automation capability enables users to efficiently process large collections of images, ensuring consistent results and saving significant time compared to manually editing each image individually
    • Common batch processing tasks include resizing, format conversion, watermarking, and applying standard adjustments (levels, curves, color balance)
  • Batch processing can be customized using recorded actions, which store a sequence of user-performed steps that can be applied to other images with a single click
    • This allows users to create custom workflows tailored to their specific needs and ensures that complex, multi-step edits can be easily replicated across multiple images
  • For digital art historians, batch processing is invaluable for managing large image collections, preparing visual resources for publication or presentation, and ensuring consistency in the treatment of related artworks or cultural heritage objects

Common image processing tools

  • There are numerous image processing software options available, ranging from professional-grade tools to open-source alternatives and mobile apps, each with its own strengths and limitations
  • The choice of software depends on factors such as the user's level of expertise, specific project requirements, budget constraints, and compatibility with existing workflows and systems
  • Common image processing tools used in digital art history include industry-standard software like , open-source alternatives such as , and mobile apps for on-the-go editing and documentation

Adobe Photoshop as industry standard

  • Adobe Photoshop is widely regarded as the industry standard for professional image processing, offering a comprehensive set of tools and features for editing, retouching, and
  • Its extensive capabilities, combined with a large user community and robust ecosystem of plugins and resources, make it a versatile choice for a wide range of image manipulation tasks
    • Photoshop's layered editing, advanced selection tools, and powerful retouching capabilities make it well-suited for detailed work on complex images
  • Adobe's Creative Cloud subscription model provides access to regular updates and integration with other creative applications (Illustrator, InDesign), facilitating seamless workflows and collaboration
    • However, the cost of subscription and the software's steep learning curve may be barriers for some users, particularly those with limited budgets or technical expertise
  • For digital art historians, Photoshop's wide adoption in the field and its extensive feature set make it a valuable tool for analyzing, interpreting, and presenting artworks and cultural heritage objects, as well as for collaborating with other researchers and institutions

Open source alternatives like GIMP

  • Open-source image processing software, such as GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), provides a free and accessible alternative to proprietary tools like Adobe Photoshop
  • These applications offer a similar range of features, including layered editing, selection tools, retouching capabilities, and filters, allowing users to perform most common image manipulation tasks
    • While open-source software may lack some of the advanced features and polish of commercial tools, they are often sufficient for many digital art history projects
  • The open-source nature of these tools enables users to customize and extend their functionality through plugins and scripts, as well as to contribute to their development and improvement
    • This collaborative approach aligns well with the values of open scholarship and knowledge sharing in the digital humanities
  • For digital art historians, open-source image processing software offers a cost-effective and flexible solution for analyzing and presenting artworks and cultural heritage objects, particularly in contexts where budget constraints or philosophical preferences favor non-proprietary tools

Mobile apps for on-the-go editing

  • The proliferation of smartphones and tablets has led to the development of numerous mobile apps for image processing, offering users the ability to capture, edit, and share images on the go
  • These apps provide a streamlined set of tools optimized for touch interfaces, allowing users to perform basic adjustments (crop, rotate, exposure, color) and apply creative filters and effects
    • Popular mobile image processing apps include Adobe Lightroom CC, Snapseed, and VSCO, each with its own unique features and user experience
  • Mobile apps are particularly useful for documenting artworks and cultural heritage objects in the field, enabling researchers to quickly capture high-quality images and perform initial edits or annotations on-site
    • The ability to sync mobile edits with desktop software or cloud storage services facilitates seamless integration with larger workflows and collaboration with team members
  • For digital art historians, mobile image processing apps provide a convenient and flexible tool for documenting, analyzing, and sharing artworks and cultural heritage objects, both in the field and in the classroom, expanding the possibilities for research and engagement beyond traditional desktop-based workflows

Workflow considerations

  • Developing an efficient and effective image processing workflow is essential for managing large-scale digital art history projects, ensuring consistency in the treatment of visual resources, and facilitating collaboration among team members
  • Key considerations in image processing workflows include the choice of file formats, practices, and metadata standards for organizing and describing visual assets
  • By establishing clear guidelines and best practices for these aspects of the workflow, digital art historians can streamline their image processing tasks, reduce technical errors, and ensure the long-term usability and value of their visual resources

RAW vs JPEG file formats

  • Digital images can be captured and stored in various file formats, each with its own characteristics and advantages for different stages of the image processing workflow
  • are uncompressed, minimally processed data files that contain the maximum amount of information captured by a camera's sensor, providing the greatest flexibility for subsequent editing and adjustment
    • RAW files are often used for initial capture and archival purposes, as they preserve the highest level of detail and allow for non-destructive editing in compatible software (Adobe Camera Raw, Lightroom)
  • (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a compressed file format that balances image quality with smaller file sizes, making it more practical for sharing, publishing, and displaying images
    • JPEG compression is lossy, meaning that some image data is discarded to reduce file size, which can result in artifacts or reduced quality if the compression level is too high
  • For digital art historians, understanding the trade-offs between RAW and JPEG formats is crucial for developing effective capture and processing workflows, ensuring that images are acquired and stored in the most appropriate format for their intended use and long-term preservation

Color management for consistency

  • Color management is the practice of ensuring consistent color representation across different devices, software applications, and output formats, which is essential for accurate analysis, interpretation, and presentation of visual resources in digital art history
  • This involves calibrating monitors, printers, and other devices to a common color standard (ICC profiles), as well as defining and embedding color profiles within image files themselves
    • Color profiles describe the color characteristics of a specific device or working space, allowing for the translation of color data between different systems
  • Image processing software supports color management through settings that define the default working spaces, color policies, and rendering intents, which control how colors are handled and converted during editing and output
    • Properly configuring these settings and using consistent color profiles throughout the workflow helps to minimize discrepancies and ensure that colors are reproduced accurately across different contexts
  • For digital art historians, implementing a color-managed workflow is crucial for ensuring the fidelity and comparability of visual resources, both within a single project and across different research initiatives, publications, and presentations

Metadata for image organization

  • Metadata is structured information that describes the content, context, and characteristics of a digital asset, such as an image file, which is essential for organizing, searching, and managing large collections of visual resources in digital art history
  • Image metadata can include a wide range of information, such as title, creator, date, location, subject keywords, technical details (file format, dimensions, color space), and rights statements
    • Metadata standards, such as , , and , provide guidelines for consistently capturing and encoding this information within image files or associated databases
  • Image processing software supports the creation, editing, and viewing of metadata through dedicated panels or dialogs, allowing users to input and manage metadata directly within their workflow
    • Some applications also support the batch processing of metadata, enabling users to apply consistent metadata to multiple files simultaneously
  • For digital art historians, incorporating metadata best practices into their image processing workflows is essential for ensuring the long-term discoverability, usability, and value of their visual resources, facilitating collaboration and data sharing among researchers, and enabling more advanced analysis and interpretation of artworks and cultural heritage objects

Applications in digital art history

  • Image processing plays a crucial role in many aspects of digital art history, enabling researchers to analyze, interpret, and present artworks and cultural heritage objects in new and innovative ways
  • Key applications of image processing in this field include enhancing the visibility of details in artifacts, digitally reconstructing damaged or fragmentary works, conducting comparative analyses of visual elements across different objects or collections, and supporting the digital restoration and preservation of cultural heritage
  • By leveraging the capabilities of image processing software, digital art historians can gain new insights into the materials, techniques, and meanings of artworks, engage audiences with compelling visual presentations, and contribute to the broader mission of cultural heritage preservation and access

Enhancing details of artifacts

  • Image processing techniques can be used to enhance the visibility of fine details, textures, and other visual elements in digital reproductions of artworks and artifacts, enabling researchers to study these objects more closely and accurately
  • This can involve adjusting contrast, sharpness, or color balance to emphasize particular features, applying filters to reduce noise or reveal hidden patterns, or using advanced tools like to create highly detailed composite images
    • For example, a researcher studying a medieval manuscript might use image processing to enhance the legibility of faded or damaged text, or to reveal the texture and composition of the parchment or pigments used
  • Enhancing details through image processing can also support the creation of high-quality visual resources for publication, teaching, and public engagement, allowing audiences to appreciate the intricacies and craftsmanship of artworks and artifacts in ways that might not be possible with the original objects
  • For digital art historians, the ability to enhance and highlight specific details in artifacts through image processing opens up new avenues for research, analysis, and interpretation, enabling a deeper understanding of the materials, techniques, and cultural contexts of these objects

Reconstructing damaged artworks digitally

  • Image processing can be used to digitally reconstruct artworks or artifacts that have been damaged, fragmented, or altered over time, providing a means to visualize and study these objects in their original or hypothetical states
  • This process typically involves combining multiple images of the object (e.g., from different angles or under different lighting conditions), and using advanced editing and compositing techniques to fill in missing areas, remove later additions or modifications, or simulate the object's original appearance
    • For example, a digital art historian studying a damaged fresco might use image processing to digitally reintegrate fragments, reconstruct lost or faded areas, and create a virtual restoration of the work as it might have appeared when first created
  • Digital reconstruction can also involve the use of 3D modeling and rendering techniques, allowing researchers to create interactive, navigable representations of artworks or architectural spaces that can be studied from multiple perspectives
    • This approach is particularly useful for objects that are too large, fragile, or inaccessible to be physically reconstructed or displayed in their entirety
  • For digital art historians, the ability to digitally reconstruct damaged artworks and artifacts offers a powerful tool for research, interpretation, and public engagement, enabling new insights into the original appearance and context of these objects, and facilitating their virtual preservation and access for future generations

Comparative analysis of visual elements

  • Image processing enables digital art historians to conduct comparative analyses of visual elements across different artworks, artifacts, or collections, revealing patterns, influences, and relationships that might not be apparent through traditional methods of study
  • This can involve using image analysis algorithms to quantify and compare features such as color, composition, brushwork, or iconography, allowing researchers to identify similarities, differences, and trends across large datasets of images
    • For example, a researcher studying the use of perspective in Renaissance painting might use image processing to compare the vanishing points, horizon lines, and other geometric features across a corpus of works, identifying patterns and variations in the application of this technique over time and space
  • Comparative analysis through image processing can also support the attribution and dating of artworks, by identifying stylistic or technical features that are characteristic of particular artists, schools, or periods
    • This approach can be particularly useful for studying works that are unsigned, undated, or of uncertain provenance, providing a means to situate them within a broader art historical context
  • For digital art historians, the ability to conduct comparative analyses of visual elements through image processing opens up new avenues for research and interpretation, enabling the discovery of hidden patterns and relationships, and supporting more data-driven and quantitative approaches to the study of art and cultural heritage

Digital restoration of cultural heritage

  • Image processing plays a crucial role in the digital restoration and preservation of cultural heritage, providing a means to document, stabilize, and enhance the appearance of artworks and artifacts that are at risk of deterioration or loss
  • This can involve using advanced imaging techniques, such as multispectral or hyperspectral imaging, to capture high-resolution data about the surface and subsurface properties of objects, which can then be processed and analyzed using specialized software
    • For example, a conservator working on a faded or discolored painting might use image processing to digitally compensate for color changes, reveal underlying layers or pentimenti, and create a virtual restoration of the work's original appearance
  • Digital restoration through image processing can also support the monitoring and documentation of conservation treatments, by providing a means to track changes in an object's condition over time and evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions
    • This approach can help to ensure the long-term preservation of cultural heritage objects, by informing conservation decision-making and enabling more targeted and minimally invasive treatments
  • For digital art historians, the application of image processing to the digital restoration and preservation of cultural heritage offers a powerful tool for safeguarding and studying these important objects, ensuring their accessibility and interpretability for future generations, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration between art historians, conservators, and imaging scientists

Ethical concerns and best practices

  • The use of image processing in digital art history raises a number of ethical concerns and challenges, particularly around issues of authenticity, interpretation, and the responsible stewardship of cultural heritage objects
  • To address these concerns, it is important for digital art historians to develop and adhere to best practices for the use of image processing in their work, ensuring transparency, accountability, and respect for the integrity of the original objects
  • Key ethical considerations and best practices in this area include maintaining the integrity of original works, documenting and disclosing any changes or interventions made through image processing, and adhering to archival standards for the long-term preservation and access of digital assets

Maintaining integrity of original works

  • One of the primary ethical concerns in the use of image processing in digital art history is the need to maintain the integrity of original artworks and artifacts, ensuring that any digital interventions or enhancements do not misrepresent or distort the essential character and meaning of these objects
  • This requires a careful balance between the potential benefits of image processing for research, interpretation, and public engagement, and the risks of altering or obscuring the authentic properties and contexts of cultural heritage objects
    • For example, while it may be

Key Terms to Review (25)

Adobe Photoshop: Adobe Photoshop is a widely used image editing software developed by Adobe Inc. that allows users to manipulate and enhance digital images through a variety of tools and features. It plays a significant role in various creative processes, from digital photography to graphic design, and is essential for tasks such as image retouching, compositing, and color correction. Its compatibility with numerous file formats and standards further solidifies its place in the world of image processing and digital art.
Batch Processing: Batch processing is a technique in image processing software where multiple images are processed simultaneously rather than one at a time. This method enhances efficiency and saves time, especially when dealing with large volumes of images that require similar adjustments or edits, such as resizing, filtering, or applying effects.
Clone Stamp Tool: The Clone Stamp Tool is a feature found in various image processing software that allows users to copy a portion of an image and apply it to another area, effectively 'cloning' that section. This tool is essential for tasks such as retouching photographs, removing unwanted objects, or duplicating elements within an image, making it a key component in the digital artist's toolkit. It offers precision and control, enabling artists to create seamless edits that maintain the integrity of the original image.
Color correction: Color correction is the process of adjusting and enhancing the color balance and overall tonal quality of an image to achieve a more accurate or desired visual representation. This technique plays a crucial role in digital photography and image processing software, allowing artists and photographers to correct color casts, improve contrast, and ensure that colors appear true to life or artistically enhanced.
Color management: Color management is the process of controlling how colors are represented across different devices and software to ensure consistency and accuracy. This is particularly important in digital art and image processing, where variations in color representation can lead to significant differences in the final output. Effective color management enables artists and designers to maintain the integrity of their work, regardless of where it is displayed or printed.
Compositing: Compositing is the process of combining multiple visual elements from different sources into a single image or scene, often used in image processing software. This technique allows artists and designers to create complex visuals by layering images, adjusting their transparency, and applying various effects. Compositing plays a vital role in digital art, enabling the seamless integration of photos, graphics, and animations to produce visually striking results.
Cropping: Cropping is the process of removing portions of an image to improve framing, focus on a specific subject, or alter the composition. This technique is widely used in digital art and photography to enhance visual storytelling by directing the viewer's attention to the most important elements within the image. By adjusting the dimensions and aspect ratio, cropping also helps ensure that images meet specific display requirements or artistic intentions.
Descriptive metadata: Descriptive metadata refers to the information that provides context and helps users understand the content and significance of a digital object. This type of metadata typically includes elements such as titles, authors, dates, and keywords, making it easier to discover, organize, and retrieve digital assets. By enhancing the visibility and accessibility of these assets, descriptive metadata plays a crucial role in various applications like image processing, asset management, and standardization across different frameworks.
Digital Archiving: Digital archiving refers to the process of preserving and storing digital information and assets for long-term access and use. This practice is essential for ensuring the longevity of cultural heritage materials, allowing for the ongoing study and appreciation of art, artifacts, and historical documents in a digital format. Techniques such as advanced imaging, data management, and technologies help enhance the quality and accessibility of these archives.
Dublin Core: Dublin Core is a set of vocabulary terms used to describe web resources, such as documents, images, and videos, in a simple and standardized way. It plays a crucial role in facilitating resource discovery and interoperability across various digital platforms, making it essential for managing digital assets, content management, and metadata schemas.
Exif Data: Exif data, short for Exchangeable Image File Format data, refers to metadata that is embedded in image files captured by digital cameras and smartphones. This data includes vital information about the photo, such as camera settings, date and time of capture, location coordinates, and sometimes even the software used to process the image. Understanding Exif data is crucial for analyzing the context of images and their processing in image editing software.
Filtering: Filtering is a process in image processing that modifies an image by enhancing certain features while suppressing others. It allows for the manipulation of images to achieve desired visual effects or to extract specific information, making it a vital tool in image processing software. Different types of filters can be applied to adjust brightness, contrast, sharpness, or to remove noise and other unwanted artifacts.
Focus stacking: Focus stacking is a photographic technique that combines multiple images taken at different focus distances to create a final image with a greater depth of field. This process is especially useful in macro photography, where the depth of field can be very shallow, allowing photographers to achieve sharpness from the foreground to the background. Focus stacking is often executed using image processing software, which aligns and merges the various images to produce one coherent picture.
GIMP: GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-source image editing software used for tasks such as photo retouching, image composition, and image authoring. As a powerful alternative to commercial software like Adobe Photoshop, GIMP offers a range of features suitable for both amateur and professional users, making it an essential tool in image processing. Its support for various file formats and standards enhances its versatility and user accessibility.
Healing Brush: The Healing Brush is a tool found in image processing software that allows users to repair and enhance images by blending imperfections with surrounding pixels. This tool intelligently analyzes the area surrounding the defect and fills it in with color and texture that matches the original image, making it ideal for tasks like retouching photographs, removing blemishes, or fixing scratches. Its advanced algorithms help maintain the integrity of the original image while seamlessly integrating edits.
Image enhancement: Image enhancement refers to a set of techniques used to improve the visual quality of images, making them more suitable for a specific application or analysis. This process can involve adjusting brightness, contrast, sharpness, and removing noise, among other adjustments. The goal is to make important features more visible and easier to interpret, which is essential when working with various types of image processing software that require clear and enhanced visuals.
Iptc: IPTC, or International Press Telecommunications Council, is a standard for embedding metadata in images that provides crucial information about the image content, copyright, and usage rights. This standard helps streamline workflows in the media and photography industries, allowing for better organization and retrieval of digital assets. By utilizing IPTC data, image processing software can facilitate efficient management of visual content and enhance communication between creators and distributors.
Jpeg: JPEG, or Joint Photographic Experts Group, is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly effective for photographs. This format reduces file size while maintaining reasonable image quality, making it ideal for digital photography, web usage, and storage. JPEG's widespread adoption is due to its balance of quality and compression efficiency, making it integral to various aspects of digital media.
Layering: Layering is a technique used in digital art and image processing where different elements or components of an image are stacked on top of one another, allowing for greater control over each element's visibility, position, and interaction. This method enables artists and designers to manipulate individual layers independently, facilitating complex compositions and adjustments without affecting the entire image. Layering is essential for creating textures, managing effects, and enhancing the overall depth of digital artworks.
Png: PNG, or Portable Network Graphics, is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. It is widely used for digital images, especially on the web, due to its ability to maintain high image quality while allowing transparency and a broad color palette. PNG files are often favored in contexts where image quality is crucial, such as digital art and cultural heritage preservation.
Raster Graphics: Raster graphics are digital images composed of a grid of pixels, where each pixel contains color information. This format is commonly used for photographs and complex images, as it captures detailed visual data. Unlike vector graphics, which are based on mathematical formulas, raster graphics can lose quality when scaled, making them ideal for specific applications like digital art and image processing software.
Raw formats: Raw formats refer to a type of image file that contains unprocessed data directly from a camera's sensor. Unlike JPEG or PNG formats that compress and process the image data, raw files retain all the original information, allowing for greater flexibility in editing and post-processing. This means photographers can manipulate exposure, white balance, and other attributes without losing quality, making raw formats essential for professional photography and detailed image work.
Retouching: Retouching refers to the process of altering and enhancing photographs, primarily to improve their aesthetic appeal or to correct imperfections. This technique is widely utilized in digital photography to adjust aspects like color, contrast, and sharpness, as well as to remove blemishes or distractions from an image. Retouching plays a critical role in presenting an idealized version of reality in images, influencing how viewers perceive and interpret the visual content.
Vector graphics: Vector graphics are digital images created using paths defined by mathematical equations, rather than pixels. This allows for images to be scaled infinitely without losing quality, making them ideal for logos, illustrations, and designs that require flexibility in size. Vector graphics are commonly used in various applications, including graphic design and image processing software, because they offer clean lines and scalability.
VRA Core: VRA Core is a metadata standard specifically designed for the visual resources community, providing a framework for describing and cataloging visual materials in a consistent manner. It facilitates better organization and retrieval of digital assets, which is essential for image processing software, digital asset management systems, metadata schemas, and linked open data applications.
© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.
Back
Practice QuizGlossary
Practice QuizGlossary
Next guide