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Criminology
Table of Contents
Unit 14 Overview: Prisons, Corrections, and Rehabilitation
14.1 The Prison System and Inmate Subcultures
14.2 Community Corrections: Probation and Parole
14.3 Rehabilitation Programs and Recidivism Reduction

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14.1 The Prison System and Inmate Subcultures

Citation:

The US prison system is a complex network of federal, state, and local facilities. From minimum security to supermax, these institutions house diverse offender populations. The system faces challenges like overcrowding and contraband control, while also aiming to balance security with rehabilitation efforts.

Inmate subcultures create informal power structures and racial divisions within prisons. Correctional officers must navigate these dynamics while managing violence, mental health issues, and substance abuse among inmates. Balancing security needs with rehabilitation goals remains an ongoing challenge for prison staff.

The Prison System in the United States

Structure of US prison system

  • Federal prison system
    • Operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) manages facilities housing offenders convicted of federal crimes (drug trafficking, white-collar crimes, terrorism)
  • State prison systems
    • Each state has its own department of corrections responsible for managing state prisons and inmates convicted of state-level offenses (murder, assault, robbery)
  • Local jails
    • Operated by county or municipal governments typically hold individuals awaiting trial or serving short sentences (less than one year)
  • Private prisons
    • Privately owned and operated correctional facilities contract with federal or state governments to house inmates as a way to alleviate overcrowding in public facilities

Types of correctional facilities

  • Minimum security
    • Dormitory-style housing with fewer restrictions on inmate movement and activities often used for non-violent offenders or those nearing release (work release programs)
  • Medium security
    • Increased security measures and restrictions on movement with cells or dormitories featuring locked doors, perimeter fencing, and armed guards
  • Maximum security
    • Highest level of security and control with single-occupancy cells, limited time outside, reinforced perimeters, multiple barriers, and armed patrols housing violent offenders (murderers, gang members)
  • Supermax facilities
    • Designed for the most dangerous or high-risk inmates with solitary confinement, minimal human contact, and highly restricted movement and activities (ADX Florence in Colorado)

Inmate Subcultures and Correctional Officer Challenges

Inmate subculture dynamics

  • Informal power structures
    • Inmates often form hierarchies based on factors such as criminal history and reputation, physical strength and intimidation, and gang affiliations determining access to resources (commissary items, cell assignments)
  • Racial and ethnic divisions
    • Inmates may segregate themselves based on race or ethnicity leading to tensions and conflicts between different groups (white supremacist gangs, Black and Hispanic rivalries)
  • Prison gangs
    • Organized groups of inmates with shared identities or interests often involved in illicit activities (drug trade, extortion) and exert control over other inmates
  • Inmate codes and norms
    • Unwritten rules and expectations among inmates emphasizing loyalty, respect, and not cooperating with authorities enforced through violence and ostracism

Challenges for correctional officers

  • Overcrowding
    • High inmate populations strain resources and increase tensions making it difficult to provide adequate supervision and services (limited cell space, overburdened staff)
  • Contraband control
    • Preventing the introduction and circulation of illegal items (drugs, weapons, cell phones) requires constant vigilance and searches to detect and seize contraband
  • Inmate violence and assaults
    • Managing conflicts and aggressive behavior among inmates while protecting staff and other inmates from physical harm (fights, stabbings, sexual assaults)
  • Mental health and substance abuse issues
    • High prevalence of mental illness (depression, PTSD) and addiction (opioids, methamphetamine) among inmates presents challenges in providing appropriate treatment and support
  • Balancing security and rehabilitation
    • Maintaining a secure environment while promoting inmate rehabilitation through programs (education, job training) and activities to reduce recidivism

Key Terms to Review (18)

Moral Disengagement: Moral disengagement refers to the cognitive process by which individuals justify or rationalize their harmful actions, effectively disengaging from their moral standards. This phenomenon allows individuals to engage in unethical behavior without feeling personal responsibility or guilt, often by downplaying the consequences of their actions or attributing blame to others. It plays a critical role in understanding how some individuals, particularly those with certain psychological profiles or in specific environments, can commit acts of violence or crime while maintaining a positive self-image.
Solitary confinement: Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment where an inmate is isolated from the general prison population, often confined to a small cell for 22 to 24 hours a day. This practice is typically used as a disciplinary measure or to manage inmates considered dangerous or at risk of harming themselves or others. The psychological effects of solitary confinement can be severe, leading to mental health issues, social isolation, and difficulty reintegrating into society after release.
Erving Goffman: Erving Goffman was a Canadian sociologist known for his work on the presentation of self in everyday life, focusing on how individuals manage their identities and interactions in social settings. His concepts can be particularly relevant in understanding the dynamics of inmate subcultures and the prison system, as he examined how individuals navigate social roles and stigma within structured environments, including correctional facilities.
Prison industrial complex: The prison industrial complex refers to the growing relationship between government, private industry, and the prison system, resulting in the expansion of incarceration and a focus on profit rather than rehabilitation. This complex has led to an increase in incarceration rates, often driven by policies that prioritize punitive measures over social services. The impact of this relationship is felt through systemic issues in criminal justice, including mass incarceration and the perpetuation of inmate subcultures.
Political prisoner: A political prisoner is someone who has been imprisoned because of their political beliefs or actions, often in opposition to the government or ruling authority. This term reflects the broader issue of human rights violations where individuals are punished for their ideologies rather than for any criminal actions. The experiences of political prisoners can significantly shape inmate subcultures, influencing interactions among inmates and the overall dynamics within prison environments.
Reentry programs: Reentry programs are structured initiatives designed to assist individuals transitioning from incarceration back into society. These programs aim to reduce recidivism by providing support services such as job training, counseling, housing assistance, and community resources, which help former inmates reintegrate successfully and avoid returning to criminal behavior. The effectiveness of these programs is often linked to addressing the specific needs of individuals as they navigate the challenges of rejoining their communities.
Overcrowding: Overcrowding refers to a situation in prisons where the number of inmates exceeds the facility's capacity, leading to a range of negative consequences for both inmates and staff. This phenomenon often results from high incarceration rates and inadequate facilities, impacting the safety, health, and rehabilitation of inmates, as well as straining prison resources and staff. Overcrowding can contribute to increased tension and violence within the prison environment, complicating inmate interactions and subcultures.
Mandatory minimum sentencing: Mandatory minimum sentencing refers to laws that establish a minimum sentence that must be imposed for certain crimes, particularly serious offenses like drug trafficking or violent crimes. These laws limit judicial discretion by requiring judges to impose a specified minimum sentence, regardless of mitigating factors or individual circumstances of the case. This system can impact prison populations and inmate dynamics significantly, as it often results in longer sentences and contributes to the overall structure of the prison system.
Gang affiliation: Gang affiliation refers to an individual's association with a particular gang, often involving loyalty and adherence to the gang's norms, values, and criminal activities. This connection can manifest through various symbols, behaviors, and group dynamics within the prison system, where inmates may align themselves with specific gangs for protection, social identity, or power. The nature of these affiliations is complex and can influence interactions, hierarchies, and inmate culture significantly.
Prison hierarchy: Prison hierarchy refers to the structured social order within a prison that determines the status and power dynamics among inmates. This hierarchy often emerges from factors like gang affiliations, criminal history, and inmate behavior, creating a social system where certain inmates hold more influence or respect than others. Understanding this hierarchy is crucial for comprehending inmate interactions, power struggles, and the overall culture within correctional facilities.
Deprivation Theory: Deprivation theory suggests that the experience of imprisonment leads to the loss of various human needs and social interactions, which can result in specific inmate behaviors and the formation of subcultures within prisons. This theory highlights how the absence of things like personal freedom, safety, and social relationships creates a unique environment where inmates adapt by developing their own social structures, norms, and values that often contrast sharply with those of the outside world.
Inmate code: The inmate code refers to the unwritten rules and behavioral expectations that govern interactions among prisoners within correctional facilities. This set of norms shapes the culture of incarceration, dictating how inmates should conduct themselves in relation to one another, prison staff, and the broader prison environment. Adhering to this code can be crucial for survival and maintaining respect in the prison system, influencing everything from alliances to conflicts among inmates.
Total Institutions: Total institutions are places where individuals are cut off from the wider community and lead an enclosed, formally administered life. These environments, such as prisons, mental hospitals, or military barracks, have their own rules and routines that significantly influence the behavior and social dynamics of the individuals within them. The closed nature of total institutions creates unique inmate subcultures as individuals adapt to their new reality and establish roles within the confines of their environment.
Gresham Sykes: Gresham Sykes was a prominent sociologist known for his work on inmate subcultures and the prison system, particularly through his concept of the 'pains of imprisonment.' His insights shed light on the social dynamics within prisons and how these affect inmate behavior and identity. Sykes explored how the unique environment of prisons creates specific subcultures that govern inmate interactions and shape their experiences during incarceration.
Critical criminology: Critical criminology is an approach that examines crime through a lens of social inequality and power dynamics, focusing on how societal structures and institutions contribute to criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the context in which crime occurs, including issues of race, class, gender, and global influences, thereby revealing the broader social and political forces at play.
Restorative Justice: Restorative justice is an approach to justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior through inclusive processes that engage all stakeholders. This approach seeks to bring together victims, offenders, and the community to foster healing and accountability, rather than focusing solely on punishment. By prioritizing dialogue and reconciliation, restorative justice aims to address the underlying issues that contribute to crime and promote positive relationships within the community.
Three strikes law: The three strikes law is a criminal sentencing policy that mandates significantly harsher penalties for individuals who are convicted of multiple serious offenses, typically three or more. This law aims to deter repeat offenders by imposing lengthy prison sentences, often life imprisonment, for those who continue to commit serious crimes after having already faced convictions. This approach raises important discussions about deterrence, the prison system, and its implications on different racial and ethnic groups within the justice system.
Labeling Theory: Labeling theory suggests that deviance and criminal behavior are not inherent to an individual but are instead a result of social labels and societal reactions to behavior. This theory emphasizes how being labeled as deviant can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, influencing an individual's identity and behavior, and is particularly relevant in understanding juvenile delinquency, the dynamics within prison systems, and the broader implications of mass incarceration.