Countries with state-led industrializationsawuniform increases in standards of living contrasting sharply with non-industrialized regions worldwide.

Population declined across industrializing nations owing to mass emigration seeking better living conditions elsewhere than those offered by newly industrialized cities.

All nations pursuing state-controlled economic policies experienced cultural homogenizations as traditional forms and practices were replaced by modern industrial equivalents uniformly around the world.

Environmental degradation occurred irrespective of geographic location due to unregulated exploitation of natural resources in pursuit of industrial expansion.