AP Human Geography
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7.8 Sustainable Development
Verified for the 2025 AP Human Geography exam•Citation:MLA
Introduction
Sustainable development is a concept that refers to the use of natural resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a holistic approach that considers the social, economic, and environmental impacts of development and seeks to balance these three pillars in a way that is equitable and sustainable over the long term.
There are several key principles of sustainable development, including:
- Intergenerational equity: This principle refers to the idea that the needs of future generations should be considered when making decisions about the use of natural resources.
- The precautionary principle: This principle states that when there is a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the environment or human health, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent that harm.
- The polluter pays principle: This principle holds that those who generate pollution should bear the costs of preventing or mitigating it.
- The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: This principle acknowledges that countries have different levels of development and capacity and therefore have different responsibilities in addressing global environmental problems.
There are several ways in which sustainable development can be achieved, including:
- Implementing efficient use of resources: This can involve using renewable energy sources, reducing waste, and increasing resource productivity.
- Promoting sustainable agriculture: This can involve using sustainable farming practices that minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, conserve water, and protect soil health.
- Protecting and conserving natural resources: This can involve conserving biodiversity, protecting natural habitats, and managing natural resources in a sustainable way.
- Promoting social equity: This can involve ensuring access to education, healthcare, and other basic services for all members of society.
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat. These sources are considered renewable because they are not depleted when used, unlike fossil fuels, which are finite resources that will eventually be depleted.
There are several types of renewable energy technologies, including:
- Solar energy: This type of energy is generated from sunlight using photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems.
- Wind energy: This type of energy is generated using wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity.
- Hydroelectric energy: This type of energy is generated using the movement of water to turn turbines and generate electricity.
- Geothermal energy: This type of energy is generated using heat from the earth's core to produce electricity or to heat and cool buildings.
- Biomass energy: This type of energy is generated using organic matter, such as wood, crops, and animal waste, as a fuel source.
Renewable energy has several benefits over non-renewable energy sources. It is a clean and environmentally friendly source of power that does not produce greenhouse gases or other harmful emissions. It is also a domestic source of energy that can reduce a country's dependence on foreign sources of fossil fuels. In addition, the costs of some renewable energy technologies have decreased significantly in recent years, making them more competitive with non-renewable energy sources.
Ecotourism
Ecotourism is a type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment. It is based on the principles of conservation, education, and sustainability, and aims to provide a positive economic and cultural exchange between visitors and local communities.
Ecotourism activities often involve nature-based experiences, such as wildlife viewing, birdwatching, hiking, and camping. These activities can take place in a variety of natural settings, including national parks, protected areas, and rural communities.
Ecotourism can provide a range of benefits, including:
- Environmental benefits: By promoting conservation and sustainability, ecotourism can help to protect and preserve natural areas and biodiversity.
- Economic benefits: Ecotourism can provide economic opportunities for local communities, such as employment and income generation.
- Cultural benefits: Ecotourism can facilitate cultural exchange and understanding between visitors and local communities, and can help to preserve and promote local cultures and traditions.
- Educational benefits: Ecotourism can provide opportunities for visitors to learn about the environment and local cultures, and can promote environmental and cultural awareness and appreciation.
To be truly sustainable, ecotourism must be carefully planned and managed to ensure that the negative impacts on the environment and local communities are minimized. This can involve measures such as limiting the number of visitors, using low-impact transportation, and supporting local conservation and development projects.
Here are a few examples of ecotourism:
- Wildlife watching: This type of ecotourism involves observing and photographing wildlife in their natural habitat. It can take place in a variety of settings, such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and coastal areas.
- Hiking and backpacking: This type of ecotourism involves exploring natural areas on foot, often along trails or in wilderness areas. It can provide opportunities for visitors to appreciate the beauty and diversity of natural environments and to learn about the local flora and fauna.
- Birdwatching: This type of ecotourism involves observing and identifying birds in their natural habitat. It can take place in a variety of settings, such as wetlands, forests, and coastal areas, and can provide opportunities to learn about the behavior and ecology of different bird species.
- Cultural and heritage tourism: This type of ecotourism involves visiting cultural and historical sites and participating in local cultural activities. It can provide opportunities to learn about the history and traditions of local communities and to appreciate the cultural diversity of different regions.
- Sustainable agriculture and food tourism: This type of ecotourism involves visiting farms, wineries, and other food and drink producers to learn about sustainable agriculture practices and to taste local produce. It can provide opportunities to support local farmers and to learn about the production of food and drink.
- Adventure tourism: This type of ecotourism involves participating in activities such as rafting, kayaking, and rock climbing in natural settings. It can provide opportunities to challenge oneself and to appreciate the natural beauty and adventure of different regions.
Ecotourism can take place in a variety of natural and cultural settings around the world. Some popular destinations for ecotourism include:
- National parks and protected areas: These are protected areas of land and sea that are managed to conserve their natural beauty, biodiversity, and cultural values. They can provide a wide range of ecotourism opportunities, such as wildlife watching, hiking, and cultural tours. Examples include Yellowstone National Park in the United States, Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, and Galapagos National Park in Ecuador.
- Rural and indigenous communities: These are small communities in remote areas that are often dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Ecotourism can provide economic opportunities for these communities and help to preserve their cultural traditions. Examples include the Maasai Mara in Kenya, the Amazon rainforest in South America, and the Borneo rainforest in Malaysia.
- Coastal and marine areas: These are areas along the coast or in the ocean that are rich in biodiversity and provide opportunities for ecotourism activities such as snorkeling, diving, and whale watching. Examples include the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, and the Maldives.
- Cultural and historical sites: These are sites that are significant for their cultural, historical, or archeological value and can provide opportunities for ecotourism activities such as heritage tours and cultural experiences. Examples include the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, and the Mayan ruins in Mexico.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all. The SDGs, which are also known as the Global Goals, aim to create a more sustainable and equitable world for present and future generations.
The 17 SDGs are:
- No poverty
- Zero hunger
- Good health and well-being
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Affordable and clean energy
- Decent work and economic growth
- Industry, innovation and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production
- Climate action
- Life below water
- Life on land
- Peace, justice and strong institutions
- Partnerships for the goals
Each goal is accompanied by a set of specific targets and indicators to help measure progress. The SDGs are intended to be integrated and indivisible, meaning that they are interconnected and cannot be achieved in isolation.
The SDGs are relevant to all countries and are intended to guide global development efforts towards a more sustainable and equitable future. They are widely recognized as a framework for addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing the world, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation.
The UN calls the SDGs a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”!
Image Courtesy of the UN
Key Terms to Review (40)
Adventure Tourism: Adventure tourism refers to travel that involves exploration or travel to remote areas, often incorporating physical activity and an element of risk. This type of tourism allows travelers to engage with nature, culture, and challenging experiences, making it appealing for those seeking unique and thrilling adventures while also considering the environmental and social impacts of their travels.
Affordable and Clean Energy: Affordable and Clean Energy refers to the goal of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy sources for all, while also minimizing environmental impacts. This concept is critical for sustainable development, as it emphasizes the need for energy systems that not only meet the demands of growing populations but also contribute to combating climate change and reducing pollution.
Birdwatching: Birdwatching is the recreational observation of birds in their natural environment, often involving the use of binoculars and field guides to identify different species. This activity not only fosters a deeper appreciation for wildlife but also plays a role in promoting conservation efforts and sustainable tourism, as enthusiasts often advocate for the protection of natural habitats and ecosystems.
Biomass Energy: Biomass energy refers to the renewable energy derived from organic materials, such as plant and animal waste, that can be used for heat, electricity, and fuel. This form of energy plays a critical role in the interaction between humans and their environment, as it promotes the use of waste products while reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which helps in mitigating climate change.
Clean Water and Sanitation: Clean water and sanitation refer to the provision of safe drinking water and the access to proper sanitation facilities, including sewage systems and hygiene practices. These elements are critical for health, reducing disease transmission, and supporting sustainable communities. Access to clean water and sanitation is a fundamental human right, essential for achieving overall well-being and promoting economic development in both urban and rural areas.
Coastal and Marine Areas: Coastal and marine areas refer to the regions where land meets the ocean, including coastal ecosystems, marine habitats, and their associated resources. These areas are vital for biodiversity, economic activities, and cultural heritage, as they support fisheries, tourism, and provide ecosystem services that contribute to sustainable development.
Climate Action: Climate Action refers to the initiatives and policies aimed at addressing and mitigating the effects of climate change. It encompasses a wide range of activities including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and promoting sustainable practices to protect the environment. Effective Climate Action is crucial for achieving long-term sustainability and ensuring that future generations inherit a healthier planet.
Cultural and Historical Sites: Cultural and historical sites are locations recognized for their significance in representing the heritage, history, and culture of a community or society. These sites often serve as focal points for tourism and education, emphasizing the importance of preserving cultural identities while also contributing to sustainable development by promoting local economies and responsible tourism practices.
Cultural and Heritage Tourism: Cultural and Heritage Tourism involves traveling to experience the places, artifacts, and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. This form of tourism emphasizes the importance of preserving cultural identities and heritage while promoting sustainable practices that benefit local communities and economies.
Decent Work and Economic Growth: Decent Work and Economic Growth is a key concept that emphasizes the importance of promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. This term is integral to the broader agenda of sustainable development, focusing on creating opportunities for everyone to engage in productive activities that provide fair income, security in the workplace, and social protection for families.
Ecotourism: Ecotourism is a sustainable travel approach that focuses on responsible visits to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of local communities. This type of tourism encourages environmental awareness and aims to minimize the negative impact on ecosystems while promoting conservation efforts. By emphasizing the importance of preserving natural habitats and cultural heritage, ecotourism aligns with principles of sustainable development and responsible tourism practices.
Gender Equality: Gender equality refers to the state in which individuals of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. It encompasses various aspects of life including economic participation, education, and personal freedoms, ensuring that everyone can contribute to and benefit from societal progress without facing discrimination or disadvantage based on their gender.
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is the heat that comes from the Earth's core, which can be harnessed for various uses, including electricity generation and direct heating. This renewable energy source taps into the natural heat stored beneath the Earth’s surface, showcasing how humans can interact with the environment to utilize sustainable resources. Its application highlights the balance between energy needs and environmental impact, making it a crucial component in the shift towards sustainable practices.
Good Health and Well-being: Good Health and Well-being refer to a state in which individuals have access to quality healthcare, adequate nutrition, clean water, and a supportive environment that promotes mental and physical health. This concept is vital for achieving sustainable development as it emphasizes the importance of health in fostering economic growth, reducing inequalities, and ensuring a better quality of life for all individuals.
Hiking and Backpacking: Hiking and backpacking are outdoor recreational activities that involve walking in natural environments, typically on trails or paths, often for an extended period. These activities promote physical fitness, provide opportunities for connection with nature, and support sustainable tourism by encouraging minimal environmental impact while exploring various landscapes.
Hydroelectric Energy: Hydroelectric energy is the power generated by harnessing the energy of flowing water, typically from rivers or dams, to produce electricity. This form of renewable energy plays a crucial role in the balance between human needs and environmental sustainability, as it offers a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels and helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while supporting economic growth through energy production.
Industry, Innovation, Infrastructure: Industry refers to the production of goods and services within an economy, while innovation involves the introduction of new ideas, products, or processes. Infrastructure represents the foundational systems and services, such as transportation, communication, and utilities, that support economic activity. Together, these elements are crucial for promoting sustainable development by fostering economic growth, enhancing efficiency, and ensuring that resources are used responsibly.
Intergenerational Equity: Intergenerational equity refers to the principle of fairness and justice in the distribution of resources and opportunities across different generations. It emphasizes the responsibility of the current generation to manage resources sustainably, ensuring that future generations inherit a world that is not depleted or damaged, but rather enriched and viable for their needs. This concept is vital in discussions around sustainable development, as it highlights the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental preservation and social equity for both present and future populations.
Life Below Water: Life Below Water refers to the ecosystems and biodiversity found in oceans, seas, and other bodies of water. It encompasses a wide range of aquatic life, including fish, marine mammals, corals, and other organisms that play crucial roles in maintaining the health of marine ecosystems. This term is closely connected to sustainable development as it highlights the importance of preserving aquatic habitats, ensuring sustainable fishing practices, and protecting biodiversity for future generations.
Life on Land: Life on Land refers to the diverse ecosystems and biological communities found on terrestrial surfaces, encompassing various species, habitats, and the interactions among them. This term connects to sustainable development as it highlights the importance of maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the balance between human activities and natural systems to ensure a healthy planet for future generations.
National Parks and Protected Areas: National parks and protected areas are designated spaces aimed at conserving biodiversity, natural resources, and cultural heritage while promoting sustainable tourism and recreation. These areas play a vital role in safeguarding ecosystems, protecting endangered species, and providing opportunities for education and research, all of which are essential for sustainable development and environmental conservation.
No Poverty: No Poverty is a global goal aimed at eradicating extreme poverty for all people everywhere by ensuring access to essential resources and opportunities. This term highlights the importance of sustainable development practices that provide economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, creating an equitable society where everyone can thrive. Achieving this goal involves addressing not just income inequality, but also the underlying causes of poverty such as lack of education, healthcare, and decent work opportunities.
Partnerships for the Goals: Partnerships for the Goals refers to the collaborative efforts among various stakeholders, including governments, private sector entities, and civil society, aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations. This concept emphasizes the importance of inclusive partnerships that leverage resources, expertise, and innovation to tackle global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate change.
Peace Justice Strong Institutions: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions refer to the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies, ensuring access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels. These elements are essential for sustainable development as they contribute to stability, equality, and the overall well-being of societies. Without these core components, other aspects of sustainable development, such as economic growth and environmental protection, are significantly hindered.
Polluter Pays Principle: The Polluter Pays Principle is an environmental policy concept that asserts that those who produce pollution should bear the costs associated with managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment. This principle encourages accountability and provides economic incentives for polluters to reduce emissions and adopt cleaner technologies, aligning with the goals of sustainable development.
Precautionary Principle: The Precautionary Principle is an approach to environmental management and decision-making that advocates for preventive action in the face of uncertainty, particularly when there is potential harm to human health or the environment. It emphasizes taking proactive steps to prevent harm rather than waiting for scientific certainty about potential risks. This principle plays a crucial role in sustainable development by promoting the idea that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to ecological and public health.
Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities: The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities is a concept in international environmental law that recognizes that all states share a common obligation to protect the environment, but that their responsibilities differ based on their respective capabilities and levels of development. This principle acknowledges that developed countries typically have greater financial and technological resources and should take the lead in addressing global environmental issues, while developing nations may need assistance in meeting these responsibilities.
Quality Education: Quality education refers to an inclusive and equitable learning environment that provides all individuals with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for personal and societal development. It emphasizes critical thinking, creativity, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances, ultimately contributing to sustainable development goals by fostering lifelong learning opportunities for everyone.
Reduced Inequalities: Reduced inequalities refer to the aim of decreasing disparities in wealth, opportunities, and access to resources among different groups within a society. This concept is crucial for creating a fairer world where everyone has equal chances to thrive, regardless of their background or circumstances. By addressing inequalities, societies can enhance social cohesion, economic development, and overall well-being for all individuals.
Renewable Energy: Renewable energy refers to energy derived from resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. This type of energy is crucial for addressing environmental challenges and reducing dependency on fossil fuels, making it essential for urban sustainability efforts and the goals of sustainable development.
Responsible Consumption Production: Responsible Consumption Production refers to the practice of using resources efficiently and sustainably while minimizing negative environmental impacts throughout the production and consumption processes. This concept emphasizes the need for consumers, businesses, and governments to prioritize sustainable practices that ensure resources are used wisely, waste is reduced, and social equity is promoted. By adopting responsible consumption and production methods, societies can support economic growth while protecting the planet for future generations.
Rural and Indigenous Communities: Rural and Indigenous Communities refer to groups of people living in non-urban areas, often maintaining traditional lifestyles and cultural practices that are closely tied to their land and environment. These communities often face unique challenges related to sustainable development, as they strive to balance the preservation of their cultural heritage with the pressures of modernization and resource management.
Solar Energy: Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that can be harnessed using various technologies, such as solar panels and solar thermal systems. This renewable energy source plays a critical role in addressing global energy demands while minimizing environmental impact, making it a key component in efforts to foster sustainable living and combat climate change.
Sustainable Agriculture and Food Tourism: Sustainable agriculture focuses on farming practices that are environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially responsible, while food tourism involves traveling to experience food-related activities, often emphasizing local and sustainable dining. Together, these concepts promote a food system that nurtures the land, supports local economies, and enhances cultural experiences through culinary travel.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal set of 17 interconnected goals established by the United Nations in 2015 to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. They aim to promote prosperity while protecting the planet, providing a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet by 2030.
Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is a holistic approach to growth that seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses economic, social, and environmental dimensions, aiming for a balance that promotes long-term viability and equity. This concept is crucial when considering urban sustainability challenges, the theories of development, and the complex interactions between humans and their environment.
Sustainable Cities Communities: Sustainable Cities Communities are urban areas designed to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept emphasizes efficient resource use, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing quality of life through smart planning and community engagement. Key features include energy-efficient buildings, accessible public transportation, green spaces, and waste reduction strategies.
Wildlife Watching: Wildlife watching refers to the recreational activity of observing animals in their natural habitats, providing an opportunity for people to connect with nature and appreciate biodiversity. This activity is an essential aspect of sustainable development, as it promotes conservation efforts and supports local economies through eco-tourism, encouraging responsible use of natural resources while preserving ecosystems.
Wind Energy: Wind energy is a form of renewable energy generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power or electricity using wind turbines. This clean and sustainable energy source plays a vital role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to both environmental protection and economic growth.
Zero Hunger: Zero Hunger is a global initiative aimed at ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. It emphasizes the importance of providing access to safe and nutritious food for all, particularly vulnerable populations, while ensuring that food production systems are sustainable and resilient to climate change. This initiative connects various elements of social justice, economic stability, and environmental sustainability.