In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Supreme Court established that speech advocating illegal conduct is protected EXCEPT when it is:
Expressed through symbolic actions rather than words
Directed to inciting imminent lawless action and likely to produce it
Critical of government officials or policies
Offensive to the majority of citizens
Verified for the 2025 AP US Government exam•Citation:
Nicole Johnston
Campaign finance isn't as scary as you think! We'll look at the Federal Elections Campaign Act, hard vs soft money, Buckley vs Valeo, Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, Citizens United vs FEC, 501(c)s, and more!