AP European History
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8.8 World War II
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Causes of World War II
World War II was the culmination of unresolved issues from World War I, economic instability, the rise of extreme political ideologies, and the failure of diplomatic efforts to prevent aggression. The treaty settlements of the post-World War I era, particularly the Treaty of Versailles, failed to establish lasting peace, while economic hardship and political instability allowed extremist movements to gain power.
The Weimar Republic and its Failures
- The Treaty of Versailles (1919): The Treaty of Versailles placed harsh reparations and territorial losses on Germany, fueling widespread resentment. The economic hardships and political instability caused by the treaty left Germany vulnerable to extremist ideologies.
- Weimar Republic: Established after World War I, the Weimar Republic was Germany's first attempt at democracy. However, it faced significant challenges, including hyperinflation, political fragmentation, and lack of support from the German population, leading to its eventual collapse.
- Economic Instability: The global economic depression in the 1930s further weakened the Weimar Republic, increasing the appeal of authoritarian and fascist movements, particularly the Nazis, who promised to restore Germany’s former power.
Violations of the Treaty of Versailles
- German Expansion: Adolf Hitler began violating the Treaty of Versailles almost immediately after rising to power. Notable violations included:
- Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936): Germany sent troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone, in defiance of the treaty. This was a critical step in the buildup of German power in Europe.
- Anschluss of Austria (1938): Germany annexed Austria in an event known as the Anschluss. This expansion was largely welcomed by the Austrian people and further defied the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
- Annexation of the Sudetenland (1938): At the Munich Conference, Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing the annexation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, a move that emboldened Nazi Germany.
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The failure of Britain and France to respond forcefully to these violations allowed Hitler to continue his expansion, eventually leading to the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.
The European Theatre
The Invasion of Poland and the Start of WWII
- Invasion of Poland (1939): The immediate cause of World War II was the invasion of Poland by Germany on September 1, 1939. This was followed by the Soviet Union’s invasion from the east on September 17, 1939, under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Poland, which had been created as a buffer state by the Treaty of Versailles, was quickly overrun.
- British and French Response: Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939, but did not intervene immediately in the Soviet invasion. Despite this, Germany’s aggression marked the beginning of the conflict.
German Blitzkrieg and Expansion
- Blitzkrieg Warfare: Germany's military tactics, known as Blitzkrieg (lightning war), involved rapid, coordinated attacks using tanks, aircraft, and infantry. This approach allowed Germany to swiftly conquer large areas of Europe, including France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and much of Eastern Europe.
- Invasion of France (1940): Germany bypassed the heavily fortified Maginot Line and invaded France through Belgium, capturing Paris by June 14, 1940. The French government capitulated, and Germany occupied much of the country.
Turning Points in Europe
- Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943): The Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked the turning point on the Eastern Front. The defeat of the German 6th Army ended Nazi hopes of capturing the Soviet Union and began a Soviet counteroffensive that would push German forces back across Eastern Europe.
- D-Day (1944): On June 6, 1944, Allied forces launched Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, France. This successful amphibious assault led to the liberation of France and the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany.
- Fall of Berlin (1945): After months of intense fighting, the Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in May 1945. Hitler committed suicide, and Germany unconditionally surrendered on May 7, 1945, marking the end of the war in Europe.
Technological and Military Innovations
World War II saw significant technological and military innovations that altered the course of the war and the 20th century.
New Weapons and Tactics
- Blitzkrieg: The use of fast-moving, combined arms forces, including tanks, infantry, and air support, became a hallmark of German warfare, allowing for quick victories in Poland, France, and other parts of Europe.
- Radar: The British developed radar technology that helped detect incoming German aircraft, particularly during the Battle of Britain. This was a crucial factor in defending the UK from German air raids.
- Jet Aircraft and Rocket Technology: The Germans developed the V-2 rocket and the Me-262 jet fighter, technological advancements that would shape future military capabilities.
Nuclear Technology: The development of atomic weapons, particularly by the United States as part of the Manhattan Project, had long-lasting consequences for global politics, especially after the war.
The Holocaust and Industrialized Genocide
- The Holocaust: The systematic state-sponsored genocide led by Nazi Germany targeted Jews, Roma, disabled individuals, political dissidents, and others deemed "undesirable." Approximately 6 million Jews were murdered, along with millions of others.
- Industrialized Killing: The use of gas chambers, forced labor camps, and death camps like Auschwitz turned mass murder into an industrialized process, marking one of the darkest chapters of the 20th century.
Conclusion
World War II was a transformative conflict, driven by technological innovations, aggressive expansion, and ideological battles between fascism, communism, and democracy. The war's technological advancements, including nuclear weapons and industrialized genocide, changed the global landscape. It also marked the end of European dominance in world affairs and set the stage for the Cold War and the nuclear age. The war's devastating impact reshaped global politics, economies, and societies, leaving a legacy that continues to influence the world today.
Key Terms to Review (47)
Adolf Hitler: Adolf Hitler was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) and became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, later assuming the title of Führer. His aggressive expansionist policies, promotion of fascism, and totalitarian regime were pivotal in the lead-up to and during World War II, fundamentally reshaping European and global politics.
Austria: Austria is a landlocked country in Central Europe, known for its historical significance as a major power in European politics and culture. Its influence peaked during the Habsburg dynasty, which shaped the political landscape of Europe for centuries, particularly through alliances and conflicts that impacted balance of power, nationalism, and governance approaches.
Battle of Midway: The Battle of Midway was a pivotal naval battle that took place from June 4 to June 7, 1942, during World War II, marking a significant turning point in the Pacific Theater. This battle featured a decisive victory for the United States Navy against the Imperial Japanese Navy, where American forces, having broken Japanese codes, launched a surprise attack that led to the sinking of four Japanese aircraft carriers. The outcome shifted the balance of naval power in the Pacific towards the United States and set the stage for future Allied offensives.
Belgium: Belgium is a small European country known for its rich history, diverse culture, and significant role in European affairs. Its strategic location made it a battleground during major conflicts, influencing events from the Renaissance through to the world wars and decolonization efforts. The nation’s unique linguistic and cultural divisions also reflect the broader themes of nationalism and imperialism in Europe.
Blitzkrieg: Blitzkrieg, or 'lightning war,' is a military strategy employed by Germany during World War II that emphasized rapid and coordinated attacks using combined forces of infantry, tanks, and air support to achieve swift victories. This approach aimed to overwhelm enemies quickly and decisively, significantly altering traditional warfare tactics and enabling Germany to conquer large areas in a short period.
China: China is a vast East Asian country with a rich history that has significantly influenced global culture, economy, and politics. It is known for its early advancements in various fields, including technology and philosophy, which have shaped human civilization. China's interactions with the rest of the world, particularly through trade and conflict, have had profound impacts, especially during pivotal moments such as the spread of printing technology and the global ramifications of World War II.
Concentration camps: Concentration camps are facilities established to detain and confine large groups of people, often without trial, based on their identity or political beliefs. These camps became notorious during World War II as sites of severe human rights abuses, primarily associated with the Holocaust, where millions were imprisoned, tortured, and murdered. They serve as a grim reminder of the atrocities committed during this period and have been a point of reference for mass atrocities in subsequent conflicts.
D-Day Invasion: The D-Day Invasion, also known as Operation Overlord, was the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marking a pivotal turning point in World War II. This massive military operation involved land, air, and naval forces from multiple nations and aimed to liberate Western Europe from Nazi occupation. The successful landings at five beachheads ultimately led to the liberation of France and the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.
Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia was a nation in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until its peaceful split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. It played a significant role in the historical events surrounding World War II, the rebuilding of Europe, and the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism during the Cold War.
European Theatre: The European Theatre refers to the central front of World War II in Europe, where significant battles and military campaigns took place between the Axis powers, primarily Germany and Italy, and the Allied forces, including the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States. This term encompasses key events such as the Battle of Britain, the Eastern Front, and the D-Day invasion, illustrating the scale and complexity of warfare that shaped the outcome of the conflict in Europe.
Five Year Plans: Five Year Plans were state-directed economic programs initiated by the Soviet Union starting in 1928, aimed at rapidly transforming the country from an agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse. These plans involved setting ambitious production goals for industries and agriculture, significantly reshaping the Soviet economy and society. Their impact extended to various historical contexts, influencing totalitarian regimes, military strategies during global conflicts, and the emergence of superpowers in the post-war world.
Francisco Franco: Francisco Franco was a Spanish general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. His regime emerged from the Spanish Civil War, which pitted his Nationalist forces against the Republicans, leading to a totalitarian government characterized by fascist principles and repressive policies.
France: France is a country in Western Europe that has played a pivotal role in European history, culture, and politics from the medieval period through modern times. Its influence can be seen across various aspects, including the Renaissance, the rise of absolutism, revolutionary movements, and the establishment of modern nation-states.
Great Britain: Great Britain is the largest island in the British Isles and includes the countries of England, Scotland, and Wales. It played a pivotal role in European history, influencing political, economic, and social developments from the 18th century through the post-World War II era.
Greece: Greece is a country located in Southeastern Europe known for its rich history and cultural heritage, especially during ancient times. It played a crucial role in the development of Western civilization, particularly through the establishment of democracy, philosophy, and art. Greece's strategic location made it significant during World War II as it faced invasion and occupation, and later became an important battleground in the Cold War due to its political alignment and geographical position.
Island Hopping: Island Hopping is a military strategy used during World War II, particularly by the United States, to capture strategically important islands in the Pacific while bypassing others. This approach aimed to establish a series of bases that would allow for easier access to Japan and support for further military operations. By focusing on specific islands, forces could conserve resources and gain crucial positions to launch attacks, ultimately leading to the defeat of Japanese forces.
Italy: Italy is a European country known for its rich cultural heritage, historical significance, and political evolution. It played a crucial role in shaping the Renaissance, influenced modern art and politics, and became a center for fascism during the early 20th century, especially impacting global conflicts and social movements.
Kaiser Wilhelm II: Kaiser Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. He is often remembered for his militaristic policies and aggressive foreign stance, which contributed to the tensions leading up to World War I. His reign saw Germany's rise as a major European power, but also significant diplomatic failures that would have lasting effects on Europe.
Korean Peninsula: The Korean Peninsula is a landmass located in East Asia, bordered by the Yellow Sea to the west, the Sea of Japan to the east, and sharing a northern border with China and a southern border with South Korea. During World War II, the peninsula was occupied by Japan from 1910 until the end of the war in 1945, which significantly impacted its political and social landscape, ultimately leading to its division into North and South Korea.
League of Nations: The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries, aiming to prevent future conflicts through collective security and diplomacy. Although it marked a significant step towards international collaboration, its inability to enforce decisions and prevent aggression highlighted the challenges of maintaining global peace during a turbulent period.
Manchuria: Manchuria is a historical region located in Northeast Asia, encompassing parts of modern-day China, Russia, and Mongolia. This area became crucial during World War II as it was the site of Japanese imperial expansion and militarization, influencing the dynamics of the conflict in the Pacific theater.
Meiji Restoration: The Meiji Restoration was a pivotal period in Japanese history that began in 1868, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of power to the emperor. This era saw Japan undergo rapid modernization and industrialization, transforming it into a major world power and significantly impacting its role during World War II.
Middle Eastern / African Theatre: The Middle Eastern / African Theatre refers to the various military operations and battles that took place in the Middle East and North Africa during World War II. This theatre was marked by strategic importance due to its oil resources, geographic positioning, and colonial interests of the European powers involved, particularly Britain and Germany. Key campaigns like the North African Campaign were significant in determining the control of these regions and had lasting impacts on post-war geopolitics.
Mussolini: Benito Mussolini was an Italian political leader who founded the Fascist Party and served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 until 1943. His regime marked a significant shift towards totalitarianism in Europe, as Mussolini promoted nationalism, militarism, and an aggressive foreign policy, influencing global conflicts and paving the way for World War II.
Nanjing Massacre: The Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, refers to the mass murder and mass rape of Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers by Japanese troops during the Second Sino-Japanese War, particularly from December 1937 to January 1938. This event highlights the brutality of war and has significant implications in understanding the atrocities committed during World War II, particularly in Asia, where Japanese imperial expansion resulted in severe human rights violations.
North Africa: North Africa refers to the northernmost region of the African continent, typically encompassing countries such as Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. During World War II, North Africa became a crucial battleground due to its strategic location between Europe and the Mediterranean, impacting military operations and colonial interests of the Axis and Allied powers.
Normandy, France: Normandy is a region in northern France, historically significant for its role during World War II, particularly as the site of the D-Day landings on June 6, 1944. This strategic location was crucial for the Allied invasion of German-occupied Western Europe and marked a turning point in the war.
Open Door Policy: The Open Door Policy was a diplomatic concept established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China. This policy was significant as it sought to prevent any single power from monopolizing trade with China and aimed to promote international trade and economic competition without the need for colonial control.
Pacific Theatre: The Pacific Theatre refers to the major theater of conflict during World War II that took place in the Pacific Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the islands of the Pacific. It was characterized by a series of fierce battles between the Allies, primarily the United States and its allies, against Japan, which sought to expand its empire across Asia and the Pacific region. The theatre featured significant naval engagements, island-hopping campaigns, and intense ground battles, highlighting the strategic importance of air and naval power in modern warfare.
Paris: Paris is the capital city of France, known for its rich history, culture, and influence on art and politics. During significant events like World War II, Paris became a symbol of resistance and resilience against occupation, while in the 19th century, it emerged as a cultural epicenter, giving birth to numerous artistic movements and innovations that shaped European society.
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Pearl Harbor is a natural harbor located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, known for being the site of the surprise military attack by Japan on December 7, 1941. This event marked a pivotal moment in World War II as it led to the United States formally entering the war, dramatically shifting the balance of power and altering global dynamics.
Poland: Poland is a central European country with a rich history marked by periods of independence and foreign domination. Its geographical position has made it a significant player in European politics, especially during the World Wars and the Cold War, impacting its role in shaping modern Europe.
Portugal: Portugal is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, known for its rich maritime history and significant role during the Age of Exploration. It was a pioneer in overseas exploration, establishing trade routes and colonies that shaped global trade and cultural exchanges.
Rhineland: The Rhineland is a region in western Germany located along the Rhine River, historically significant due to its rich resources and strategic position in Europe. Its status has changed over time, especially after key historical events, making it a focal point in the negotiations of peace settlements, territorial disputes, and the causes of conflict leading up to and during global wars.
Rome: Rome, the capital of Italy, holds a rich historical significance as the center of the Roman Empire, which profoundly influenced European culture, governance, and religion. Its legacy extends through various periods, marking its presence in religious reformations, artistic movements, and the socio-political landscape of Europe.
Russians: Russians are the ethnic group that primarily inhabits Russia, a vast country that played a crucial role in shaping European and world history. Their cultural, political, and social developments have been significant, particularly during the turbulent events of the early 20th century and throughout World War II. This group has faced numerous challenges, from revolutions to warfare, shaping their national identity and influencing global dynamics.
Sicily: Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and has played a crucial role in European history, particularly during World War II. Its strategic location made it a key battleground during the conflict, as control over Sicily allowed for easier access to mainland Italy and influenced the overall military strategy of the Allies and Axis powers.
Soviet Union: The Soviet Union was a socialist state that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991, composed of multiple republics under a centralized government based in Moscow. It played a crucial role in global affairs, especially during the Cold War, and was characterized by its communist ideology, state-controlled economy, and authoritarian governance.
Spain: Spain is a nation in southwestern Europe that played a crucial role in European history from the Age of Exploration through the 20th century. It was influential in global politics, trade, and cultural exchanges, notably during its empire's height, which spanned across the Americas, Asia, and parts of Europe.
Stalingrad: Stalingrad refers to the major battle fought between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during World War II from 1942 to 1943, marking a pivotal turning point in the Eastern Front. The battle resulted in a significant defeat for German forces, leading to a shift in momentum toward the Soviets and ultimately contributing to the downfall of Nazi Germany. Stalingrad symbolizes not only military strategy and endurance but also the profound human cost of war.
Switzerland: Switzerland is a landlocked country in Central Europe known for its policy of neutrality and its role as a haven during various historical conflicts. Its unique political structure, characterized by direct democracy and a federal system, has allowed it to maintain peace and stability, even during the upheavals of the Reformation and World War II.
Sweden: Sweden is a Scandinavian country known for its rich history, progressive policies, and unique role during significant global events, particularly in the context of conflict and social change. During World War II, Sweden maintained a position of neutrality while providing humanitarian aid and sheltering refugees, influencing its post-war reputation as a peace-promoting nation. Additionally, Sweden has been at the forefront of 20th-century feminism, pioneering gender equality initiatives and women's rights legislation that have inspired movements worldwide.
Tokugawa Shogunate: The Tokugawa Shogunate was a feudal military government in Japan that lasted from 1603 to 1868, characterized by a strict social hierarchy and a policy of isolationism. This period marked the consolidation of power by the Tokugawa family, which controlled Japan through a system that centralized authority while allowing local lords, or daimyos, to maintain some autonomy. The shogunate's policies had lasting impacts on Japan's society, economy, and its interactions with the outside world leading up to the modern era.
Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. It aimed to establish lasting peace but ultimately sowed the seeds for future conflicts, heavily influencing European politics and international relations in the following decades.
United Kingdom: The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe, consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Its historical significance has shaped political, social, and cultural dynamics across Europe and beyond, influencing various movements and events throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century.
Weimar Republic: The Weimar Republic was the democratic government established in Germany after World War I, lasting from 1919 until 1933. It faced significant challenges such as political instability, economic crises, and social unrest, which contributed to the rise of extremist movements including fascism. The Weimar Republic is essential for understanding the interwar period in Europe and the eventual emergence of totalitarian regimes.
Yugoslavia: Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic state in Southeast Europe that existed from 1918 until its breakup in the early 1990s. It played a pivotal role in the events of World War II and became a socialist federation during the Cold War, but its internal tensions and the rise of nationalism ultimately led to its disintegration, marking significant shifts in the region's political landscape.