12.3 The legacy and ongoing evolution of African American music
3 min read•august 6, 2024
African American music continues to evolve and shape global culture. From to trap, artists blend traditional sounds with cutting-edge technology, creating innovative genres that reflect modern experiences and push musical boundaries.
Digital tools have revolutionized music production, enabling artists to create and collaborate globally. and techniques allow for creative reinterpretation of existing works, while African American musicians use their art to address social issues and preserve cultural heritage.
Contemporary Genres and Styles
Afrofuturism and Neo-soul
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- Afrofuturism blends science fiction, African diaspora culture, and technology to explore themes of identity, liberation, and future possibilities
- Incorporates elements of funk, jazz, hip-hop, and electronic music to create a unique sound (, )
- emerged in the 1990s as a contemporary R&B subgenre influenced by soul, jazz, and hip-hop
- Characterized by a more organic, live instrumentation sound and introspective lyrics (, , )
- Both genres celebrate African American culture, spirituality, and creativity while pushing musical boundaries
Trap Music and Experimental R&B
- originated in the Southern United States in the early 2000s as a subgenre of hip-hop
- Characterized by heavy bass, 808 drum machines, synthesizers, and often dark, gritty lyrical content (, , )
- Evolved to incorporate elements of electronic dance music and pop, gaining mainstream popularity in the 2010s (, , )
- pushes the boundaries of traditional R&B by incorporating unconventional production techniques, genre-blending, and avant-garde aesthetics
- Artists explore themes of identity, sexuality, and personal growth through innovative sounds and visuals (, , )
Technology and Production
Digital Production Techniques
- Advancements in (DAWs) and music production software have revolutionized the creation and distribution of music
- Producers and artists can create professional-quality recordings using home studios and laptops
- Digital tools allow for precise editing, mixing, and mastering of tracks, enabling greater creative control and experimentation
- Collaborations can occur remotely, with artists and producers sharing files and ideas across the globe
Sampling and Remixing
- Sampling involves using portions of existing recordings to create new compositions, a technique pioneered by hip-hop producers
- Allows artists to pay homage to earlier works, recontextualize sounds, and create new meanings (, , )
- Remixing is the process of altering an existing song by adding, removing, or rearranging elements to create a new version
- DJs and producers create remixes for clubs, radio play, and artistic expression, often blending genres and styles (, , )
Social and Cultural Impact
Social Justice and Music Education
- African American musicians have long used their art to address social and political issues, from the to the
- Hip-hop, in particular, has served as a platform for marginalized voices to express their experiences and demand change (, , )
- Music education and preservation initiatives aim to ensure that the rich history and cultural significance of African American music are passed on to future generations
- Organizations like the and the work to educate and inspire young musicians
African American Music Month and Contemporary Composers
- , also known as , is celebrated annually in June to recognize the contributions of African American musicians
- Established in 1979 by President and continues to be a time for celebration, education, and appreciation of African American musical heritage
- Contemporary African American composers are creating groundbreaking works across various genres, from classical to film scores
- These composers draw upon the rich traditions of African American music while pushing the boundaries of contemporary composition (, , )
Key Terms to Review (40)
African American Music Month: African American Music Month is an annual celebration in June that honors the contributions of African American musicians and the rich cultural heritage of African American music. This month highlights the significant impact that African American musical traditions have had on various genres and the broader music industry, celebrating icons and emerging artists alike while fostering awareness of the ongoing evolution of these musical forms.
Afrofuturism: Afrofuturism is a cultural movement that combines elements of science fiction, history, and African diasporic culture to imagine and create a future where Black identities and experiences are central. This movement seeks to reinterpret the past and envision alternative futures, emphasizing technology, space exploration, and mythology as means of empowerment for African Americans. Afrofuturism also plays a significant role in shaping music, art, literature, and social commentary within the African American community.
Black Lives Matter Movement: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a social and political movement that seeks to address systemic racism, police violence, and the broader social injustices faced by Black individuals in the United States and beyond. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing the value of Black lives in a society that has historically marginalized and oppressed them, advocating for policy reforms and societal change to ensure equality and justice.
Black Music Month: Black Music Month is an annual celebration established in June to recognize and honor the contributions of African American musicians and the significant impact of black music on various genres and culture. This month serves not only to celebrate the rich legacy of African American music but also to promote ongoing evolution and creativity in the music industry, highlighting how black artists continue to shape musical landscapes and influence trends across the globe.
Bonobo: The bonobo is a species of great ape closely related to the chimpanzee, known for its matriarchal societies and peaceful behavior. Bonobos communicate through various vocalizations, gestures, and facial expressions, emphasizing social bonding and cooperation. This unique social structure and behavior can help us understand themes of unity and collaboration in the legacy and ongoing evolution of African American music.
Cardi B: Cardi B is a prominent American rapper, singer, and songwriter known for her unique blend of hip-hop and trap music, as well as her outspoken personality. She has made significant contributions to the evolution of contemporary hip-hop, using her platform to address issues related to gender, race, and empowerment, which reflects the broader legacy of African American music and its ongoing transformation.
Civil rights movement: The civil rights movement was a pivotal series of events and actions during the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans, advocating for equal rights and justice. This movement not only transformed American society but also profoundly influenced various genres of music, making them powerful vehicles for social change.
Courtney bryan: Courtney Bryan is a contemporary composer and pianist known for her innovative approach to blending African American musical traditions with classical forms. Her work often incorporates elements of jazz, gospel, and contemporary classical music, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of African American music while pushing boundaries through modern composition techniques.
D'Angelo: D'Angelo is an influential American singer-songwriter and musician known for his innovative contributions to the neo-soul genre, which blends elements of classic soul music with contemporary R&B, funk, and hip-hop influences. His work is characterized by rich vocals, intricate arrangements, and a deep connection to the traditions of earlier soul styles, reflecting both a reverence for the past and a push toward modernity. Through his artistry, D'Angelo has played a significant role in the evolution of African American music, impacting future generations of musicians.
Digital audio workstations: Digital audio workstations (DAWs) are software platforms used for recording, editing, mixing, and producing audio files. These tools have revolutionized music production by allowing artists and producers to manipulate sound in ways that were previously impossible or extremely costly, making high-quality recording accessible to a wider range of musicians. DAWs play a vital role in the evolution of genres such as R&B, integrating technology with traditional musical elements, while also continuing the legacy of African American music through innovative soundscapes and production techniques.
Erykah badu: Erykah Badu is an influential singer-songwriter and actress known as the 'Queen of Neo-soul' for her unique blend of R&B, jazz, and hip-hop elements in her music. She emerged in the late 1990s, connecting deeply with earlier soul styles while redefining them with a modern twist. Her artistic vision has not only reshaped the genre of neo-soul but also left a lasting impact on the evolution of African American music as a whole.
Experimental r&b: Experimental R&B is a subgenre of rhythm and blues that pushes the boundaries of traditional R&B music through innovative sounds, unconventional song structures, and diverse influences from genres like electronic, hip-hop, and avant-garde. This style embodies a creative exploration that reflects the ongoing evolution of African American music, often focusing on personal and sociopolitical themes.
Fka twigs: fka twigs is the stage name of British singer-songwriter Tahliah Debrett Barnett, known for her innovative blend of R&B, electronic, and avant-garde music. Her work often explores themes of identity, femininity, and emotional vulnerability, positioning her as a significant figure in the ongoing evolution of contemporary African American music.
Frank Ocean: Frank Ocean is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer known for his unique blend of R&B, hip-hop, and pop, as well as his innovative storytelling through music. His work reflects themes of identity, love, and personal experience, contributing to the ongoing evolution of African American music by pushing boundaries and redefining genres.
Gucci Mane: Gucci Mane is a prominent American rapper and songwriter, widely recognized for his influence in the hip-hop genre, particularly within the trap music subgenre. His unique style, characterized by catchy hooks, inventive wordplay, and a distinctive vocal delivery, has shaped the sound of contemporary hip-hop and inspired numerous artists. Gucci Mane's career is marked by both his musical contributions and his personal journey, which includes periods of incarceration and subsequent transformation.
J Dilla: J Dilla, born James Yancey, was an influential American music producer and rapper known for his innovative approach to hip-hop production, particularly during the late 1990s and early 2000s. He played a pivotal role in shaping the sound of contemporary hip-hop, blending elements of jazz, soul, and electronic music, which has left a lasting impact on the genre and inspired countless artists and producers.
J. Cole: J. Cole is an influential American rapper, singer, and record producer known for his introspective lyrics and storytelling ability. He emerged in the 2010s as a key figure in hip-hop, often blending themes of personal struggle, social issues, and African American culture in his music. His work reflects the ongoing evolution of African American music and showcases the diversification of modern hip-hop, resonating with audiences globally.
Jessie Montgomery: Jessie Montgomery is a contemporary African American composer, violinist, and educator known for her dynamic and innovative contributions to classical music that often incorporate elements of African American culture and history. Her work reflects a commitment to social justice and the ongoing evolution of African American music, bridging the gap between classical traditions and modern expressions.
Jimmy Carter: Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States, served from 1977 to 1981 and is known for his efforts in promoting human rights and social justice. His presidency coincided with significant developments in African American music, as he sought to elevate cultural awareness and support for the arts, which were influenced by the civil rights movement and its ongoing legacy.
Kaytranada: Kaytranada is a Canadian-Haitian DJ and music producer known for his unique blend of electronic music, hip-hop, and R&B. His innovative sound combines elements of house music with funk and soul, making him a significant figure in the ongoing evolution of contemporary African American music.
Kendrick Lamar: Kendrick Lamar is a prominent American rapper, songwriter, and record producer known for his impactful lyrics and innovative approach to hip-hop. He has emerged as a leading voice in modern music, using his platform to address social issues, race, and identity, making significant contributions to the legacy and evolution of African American music as well as reshaping the global landscape of hip-hop.
Lauryn Hill: Lauryn Hill is an influential American singer, songwriter, and rapper known for her unique blend of soul, hip-hop, and reggae. She gained fame in the 1990s as a member of the Fugees and later released her critically acclaimed solo album, 'The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill,' which helped define the neo-soul genre and showcased her ability to bridge earlier soul styles with contemporary sounds.
Madlib: A madlib is a playful word game where players fill in blanks in a story with specific types of words, like nouns, verbs, and adjectives, to create a humorous or nonsensical narrative. This game relies on the creativity of the participants and often results in unexpected and entertaining outcomes, showcasing the flexibility of language. Madlibs can serve as a tool for education, encouraging vocabulary development and imaginative thinking.
Migos: Migos is a hip-hop trio formed in 2009, consisting of members Quavo, Offset, and Takeoff, known for popularizing the triplet flow in rap music and their significant influence on modern hip-hop. Their unique style, characterized by catchy hooks and ad-libs, has helped shape the sound of contemporary rap while also reflecting the evolution of African American music.
National Museum of African American Music: The National Museum of African American Music (NMAAM) is an institution dedicated to preserving and celebrating the contributions of African American musicians and their impact on American music history. It serves as a platform to educate the public about the rich legacy and ongoing evolution of African American music, highlighting genres such as jazz, gospel, blues, hip-hop, and R&B. The museum aims to foster appreciation and understanding of the cultural significance of these musical traditions.
Neo-soul: Neo-soul is a genre of music that emerged in the late 1990s, characterized by its blend of traditional soul music with elements of hip-hop, jazz, and R&B. This genre represents a significant evolution in African American music, combining rich vocal styles with introspective lyrics and innovative production techniques.
Noname: Noname is a stage name for Fatimah Nyeema Warner, an American rapper and activist who has gained recognition for her unique blend of hip-hop, poetry, and social commentary. Her work reflects the legacy and ongoing evolution of African American music by intertwining personal narratives with broader social issues, showcasing the power of artistic expression in advocating for change.
Parliament-Funkadelic: Parliament-Funkadelic is a collective of musicians led by George Clinton that became a defining force in the funk genre, known for its innovative sound and elaborate stage shows. This collective combined elements of funk, rock, and psychedelia to create a unique musical experience, influencing not only the sound of funk but also the broader landscape of African American music and culture.
Remixing: Remixing is the process of taking existing audio recordings, songs, or musical elements and altering them to create a new piece of music. This practice not only reflects the creativity and innovation within the music industry but also showcases how artists reinterpret and recontextualize sounds, bridging various genres and styles. The act of remixing is deeply rooted in cultural exchange and collaboration, allowing for ongoing evolution and transformation in musical forms.
Sampling: Sampling is the process of taking a portion of a sound recording, usually from a song or track, and reusing it in a new composition. This technique is central to hip-hop and R&B music, as it allows artists to draw from existing music, create new sounds, and pay homage to their influences. Sampling has played a vital role in shaping the evolution of these genres, connecting new works with the rich history of African American music.
Solange: Solange is a multifaceted artist known for her work as a singer, songwriter, and visual artist, who has made significant contributions to the evolution of contemporary African American music. She gained prominence with her unique blend of genres including R&B, funk, and soul, while also addressing themes of identity, race, and empowerment in her music. Her innovative approach has inspired a new generation of artists and expanded the boundaries of African American music.
Soulection: Soulection is a genre and cultural movement that blends various styles of music, particularly emphasizing soulful sounds, hip-hop, R&B, and electronic music. It represents a collective of artists, producers, and DJs who aim to celebrate and elevate underground talent while creating a distinct sound characterized by smooth melodies, intricate rhythms, and innovative production techniques.
Stax Music Academy: Stax Music Academy is an institution in Memphis, Tennessee, dedicated to providing music education and performance opportunities to young people, primarily focusing on genres rooted in African American music. Founded in 2000 by the Stax Museum of American Soul Music, the academy serves as a continuation of the legacy of Stax Records, aiming to inspire and empower students through music while also preserving the rich cultural heritage associated with soul and rhythm and blues.
Sun Ra: Sun Ra was an influential avant-garde jazz composer, bandleader, and pianist, known for his innovative approach to music and his incorporation of science fiction themes. His work significantly impacted the evolution of African American music, particularly through his exploration of cosmic philosophy and the use of experimental sounds, which challenged traditional jazz norms and expanded the genre's boundaries.
T.i.: T.I., or Clifford Joseph Harris Jr., is an influential American rapper, actor, and entrepreneur known for his contributions to the hip-hop genre and Southern rap. His work reflects the ongoing evolution of African American music, as he blends traditional elements with contemporary styles, addressing social issues and personal experiences through his lyrics.
Terence Blanchard: Terence Blanchard is a renowned American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader, known for his contributions to both jazz and film music. His work has played a significant role in shaping the contemporary jazz scene, while his scores for films highlight the ongoing evolution of African American music and its impact on culture. Blanchard's music blends various genres, emphasizing the rich legacy of African American musical traditions.
The bomb squad: The bomb squad refers to a specialized unit within law enforcement or military organizations that is trained to handle and neutralize explosive devices safely. This term connects to the legacy and ongoing evolution of African American music as it highlights the impactful intersection of culture, social issues, and artistic expression that often emerges in response to societal tensions, including themes of violence and resilience found in the music.
Trap music: Trap music is a subgenre of hip-hop that originated in the Southern United States in the 1990s, characterized by its use of heavy bass, hi-hats, and aggressive lyrical content often addressing life in the 'trap' or drug dealing culture. This genre has evolved over the years, influencing and being influenced by various musical styles, contributing to its role in the legacy and ongoing evolution of African American music.
Travis Scott: Travis Scott is an influential American rapper, singer, and songwriter known for his unique sound that blends elements of hip-hop, trap, and psychedelic music. He has played a significant role in shaping the modern landscape of hip-hop and is recognized for his innovative production techniques and theatrical live performances, which have made a considerable impact on the evolution of African American music and its global reach.
Young Jeezy: Young Jeezy, born Jay Wayne Jenkins, is an American rapper and songwriter known for his significant contributions to hip-hop, particularly in the subgenre of Southern hip-hop and trap music. Emerging in the early 2000s, he played a crucial role in popularizing the trap sound and has influenced many artists that followed, making him a key figure in the ongoing evolution of African American music.