Glossary

10.4 Scandinavian folk music and instruments

6 min read•july 30, 2024

Scandinavian folk music is a rich tapestry of unique instruments and styles. From the to the , these instruments create distinctive sounds that define the region's musical identity. and further shape the haunting melodies.

This music reflects the cultural heritage of Nordic countries, influencing contemporary genres like jazz and folk-metal. Its roots in pre-Christian traditions and social functions have evolved, with and revival movements keeping the legacy alive. Scandinavian folk music continues to captivate and inspire.

Scandinavian Folk Instruments and Styles

Unique Instruments

Top images from around the web for Unique Instruments

  • Playing and building the kantele – Elävä perintö -wiki View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Hardanger fiddle - Wikipedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Playing and building the kantele – Elävä perintö -wiki View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3

Top images from around the web for Unique Instruments

  • Playing and building the kantele – Elävä perintö -wiki View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Hardanger fiddle - Wikipedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Playing and building the kantele – Elävä perintö -wiki View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3
  • The nyckelharpa is a traditional Swedish instrument with keys attached to tangents that when pressed serve as frets to change the pitch of the strings
    • It has a distinctive droning sound created by sympathetic strings that resonate under the bowed strings
  • The Hardanger fiddle is a traditional Norwegian instrument similar to a violin but with a flatter bridge and sympathetic strings
    • The sympathetic strings resonate under the bowed strings to create its characteristic droning sound
    • It is often richly decorated with intricate wood carvings and inlays
  • The is a traditional plucked string instrument from Finland and Karelia
    • It typically has a trapezoidal shape and is played by plucking or strumming the strings while it lays flat on the player's lap or a table

Distinctive Musical Styles

  • Scandinavian folk music often features the fiddle played in a unique style with drones and double-stops
    • Double-stops involve playing two strings simultaneously to create a fuller, more harmonically complex sound
    • Some fiddlers employ a rhythmic bowing pattern called trall, which creates a pulsing, driving rhythm
  • Kulning is a high-pitched vocal technique used by women to call livestock down from mountain pastures in Norway and Sweden
    • It features loud, ornamented tones that can carry over long distances in the open air
    • The technique involves a distinctive break between the chest and head voice registers
  • Many Scandinavian folk songs and instrumental tunes are built around asymmetrical rhythmic patterns and phrases
    • These irregular rhythms distinguish Scandinavian folk music from the more regular, symmetrical rhythms of other European folk traditions
    • Examples include the dance tunes, which often feature phrases of unequal length and shifting accents

Prevalence of Modal Scales

  • Scandinavian folk music frequently uses modal scales rather than the more common major or minor scales
    • Modes commonly used include , , and , each with its own unique intervallic structure and character
    • The Dorian mode, for instance, has a minor third and seventh but a major sixth, giving it a slightly different flavor than the natural minor scale
  • The use of modes contributes to the unique melodic character of Scandinavian folk tunes
    • Modal melodies often center around the subtonic (seventh scale degree) or leading tone, rather than emphasizing the tonic as in major/minor tonality
    • This can create a sense of tonal ambiguity or openness, as the melodies seem to float above the drone without a strong pull toward resolution

Importance of Drone Notes

  • Drone notes are a defining feature of many Scandinavian folk instruments and musical styles
    • Drones are typically played on open strings that ring throughout the melody, providing a constant harmonic reference point
    • On the Hardanger fiddle and nyckelharpa, sympathetic strings tuned to the key of the melody serve as built-in drones
  • Drone notes establish a tonal center for the melody and create a sense of harmonic stability
    • Even in the absence of chordal accompaniment, the drones imply a consistent underlying harmony
    • The interplay between the modal melody and the static drone creates a hypnotic, meditative effect
  • The combination of modal melodies and drone notes gives Scandinavian folk music its distinctive haunting, otherworldly quality
    • The drones provide a continuous, unchanging foundation over which the melodic line can weave and improvise
    • This texture has been likened to the stark, expansive landscapes of the Nordic countries, with the drones representing the eternal presence of nature

Folk Music's Influence on Nordic Genres

Contemporary Nordic Jazz

  • Many contemporary Nordic jazz artists incorporate elements of traditional Scandinavian folk music into their compositions and improvisations
    • Modal scales, drone notes, and irregular rhythms derived from folk sources are common features of Nordic jazz
    • Saxophonist is known for his lyrical, folklike melodies and use of Sámi yoik singing in an improvised jazz context
    • 's ensemble often employs folk instruments like the Hardanger fiddle and accordion alongside jazz horns and rhythm section
  • The influence of folk music gives Nordic jazz a distinctively melancholic, introspective character
    • The spacious, unhurried pacing and close attention to tone and texture also reflect the aesthetics of Scandinavian folk traditions

Folk-Rock and Folk-Metal Fusion

  • Scandinavian folk-rock and folk-metal bands often blend traditional instruments, melodies, and vocal techniques with the instrumentation and energy of rock and heavy metal
    • Bands like and Garmarna combine folk instruments like fiddles and nyckelharpas with electric guitars, bass, and drums
    • Vocals often feature kulning-inspired techniques or lyrics drawn from medieval Scandinavian ballads and myths
  • Folk-metal bands like Norway's Wardruna incorporate traditional instruments and Old Norse lyrics into a metal framework
    • The band's founder Einar Selvik is a multi-instrumentalist who plays Hardanger fiddle, tagelharpa, goat horn, and other folk instruments
    • Wardruna's music evokes the ritual sounds of pre-Christian Norse spirituality, with chanting, drumming, and drones creating a powerfully immersive atmosphere
  • These folk fusion genres demonstrate the enduring resonance of Scandinavian folk music in contemporary popular culture
    • By juxtaposing traditional elements with modern forms, they create a dialogue between past and present, local and global

Cultural and Historical Context of Scandinavian Folk Music

Pre-Christian Roots and Social Functions

  • Scandinavian folk music has its roots in the pre-Christian Norse and Sámi cultures of the region
    • Many elements of these ancient traditions, such as the use of modal scales and drones, have persisted in folk music practices
    • The Sámi people's vocal tradition of yoik, which uses chant-like melodies and improvised lyrics to evoke people, animals, and places, has influenced Scandinavian folk singing styles
  • Historically, Scandinavian folk music was played in a variety of social contexts
    • Music and dance were essential components of weddings, funerals, seasonal celebrations, and community gatherings
    • Many instrumental folk tunes were originally associated with specific dances, such as the polska (Sweden), springar (Norway), and halling (Norway)
    • These dances often have distinct regional variations and reflect the cultural identity of different rural communities

Fiddle Traditions and Revival Movements

  • The fiddle has historically been the most prominent instrument in Scandinavian folk music
    • Distinct regional playing styles and repertoires developed in different parts of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
    • In Norway, the Hardanger fiddle tradition is particularly strong, with a lineage of master players and builders stretching back centuries
    • Swedish fiddlers are known for their use of double-stops and droning to create a rich, full sound
  • Scandinavian folk music declined in popularity during the industrial era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
    • As rural populations migrated to cities and were exposed to new forms of popular music, interest in traditional music waned
    • However, the 1960s and 70s saw a revival of folk music as part of a broader international roots music movement
    • Young musicians sought out elder tradition-bearers to learn the old tunes and techniques, sparking a new generation of interest in Scandinavian folk
  • Today, the Scandinavian folk music scene is vibrant and diverse
    • Some artists focus on faithfully preserving and passing on traditional styles, while others freely experiment with new cross-cultural fusions and innovative techniques
    • Folk music education is thriving, with many opportunities for young people to learn from master musicians at festivals, workshops, and folk high schools
    • The legacy of Scandinavian folk music is being carried forward into the future, even as it continues to evolve and adapt to new contexts

Key Terms to Review (19)

Dance traditions: Dance traditions refer to the cultural practices and forms of expression that are passed down through generations, often reflecting the social, historical, and spiritual contexts of a community. These traditions encompass various styles and movements, serving as a means of storytelling, celebration, and connection among people. In Scandinavian contexts, these dance traditions are closely linked with folk music and specific instruments that enhance the performance and experience.
Dorian: The dorian mode is a musical scale characterized by its unique pattern of whole and half steps, specifically the intervals of whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half, and whole. This mode has a distinct sound that combines minor qualities with a raised sixth degree, which gives it a more uplifting character compared to other minor scales. The dorian mode is particularly significant in Scandinavian folk music, where it contributes to the modal flavor of traditional melodies and is often associated with specific instruments that enhance its unique tonal qualities.
Drone notes: Drone notes are sustained pitches that provide a harmonic foundation for melodic lines in music. They create a constant background sound, allowing melodies to stand out and adding depth to the musical texture. This technique is particularly prevalent in various folk traditions and is essential for creating a distinctive sound in many genres, including Scandinavian folk music.
Fiddle traditions: Fiddle traditions refer to the various cultural practices and styles associated with the playing of the fiddle, a bowed string instrument that is central to many folk music genres. These traditions encompass a wide range of musical techniques, regional variations, and historical influences that shape how fiddles are played and the types of music they produce. In Scandinavian folk music, fiddle traditions are especially significant, reflecting both the unique styles of each region and the communal aspects of music-making.
Frigg: Frigg is a prominent goddess in Norse mythology, known as the wife of Odin and associated with love, marriage, and motherhood. She plays a key role in various myths, particularly those involving the protection and well-being of family and home. Frigg is also often linked to the earth and fertility, making her an important figure in Scandinavian folk traditions, which celebrate community, family bonds, and nature's cycles.
Hardanger fiddle: The hardanger fiddle is a traditional Norwegian string instrument that is similar to the violin but has additional sympathetic strings and a distinctive, decorated body. It is used primarily in Norwegian folk music and is often associated with traditional dance music, particularly in the western regions of Norway. Its unique construction and sound make it an integral part of Scandinavian folk culture.
Hedningarna: Hedningarna is a Swedish folk music group known for blending traditional Scandinavian folk music with modern elements and influences from various genres. Their unique sound incorporates traditional instruments and vocal styles, creating a fresh perspective on Nordic musical heritage, while also appealing to contemporary audiences.
Jan Garbarek: Jan Garbarek is a prominent Norwegian saxophonist known for his innovative approach to jazz and his unique fusion of Scandinavian folk music elements into his work. His music often incorporates the traditional sounds and themes of Scandinavian culture, blending them with contemporary jazz, creating a distinct sound that resonates with listeners worldwide.
Kantele: The kantele is a traditional stringed musical instrument originating from Finland, resembling a zither. It is played by plucking the strings with the fingers or using a plectrum, and it is often associated with Finnish folk music and cultural heritage. The kantele varies in size and number of strings, typically ranging from five to thirty-five, and it plays a significant role in both solo performances and ensemble settings.
Lydian: Lydian is a musical mode or scale characterized by a raised fourth degree, which gives it a distinctive, bright sound. This mode is often associated with the folk music traditions of various cultures, including Scandinavian music, where it can create a sense of uplifting emotion and is commonly used in melodies played on traditional instruments.
Mixolydian: Mixolydian is a musical mode characterized by a major scale with a lowered seventh degree. It blends the qualities of the major scale with a distinctive flat seventh, giving it a unique sound that is often associated with folk and traditional music. This mode contributes to the rich musical tapestry found in various cultural expressions, particularly within Scandinavian folk music, where it adds depth and emotion to melodies and harmonies.
Modal scales: Modal scales are musical scales that are derived from the major scale, characterized by their unique interval patterns and specific tonalities. Each mode has a distinct sound and mood, making them essential for improvisation and composition in various musical traditions. They are commonly used in folk music, providing a rich palette of emotions and styles that connect deeply with cultural expressions.
Norse mythology: Norse mythology is a collection of tales and beliefs originating from the Scandinavian region, centered around gods, goddesses, and legendary creatures. It provides insight into the cultural values and practices of the Norse people, influencing various forms of art and music, particularly in Scandinavian folk traditions. The myths often reflect themes of heroism, fate, and the natural world, which are significant in understanding the folklore and musical expressions of this culture.
Norwegian springar: The norwegian springar is a traditional Norwegian folk dance characterized by lively movements and a strong connection to the music, often performed in pairs. It features a distinctive rhythm and is commonly associated with the folk music of Norway, showcasing the unique cultural heritage and regional styles within Scandinavian folk traditions.
Nyckelharpa: The nyckelharpa is a traditional Swedish musical instrument that resembles a fiddle and is known for its distinctive, resonant sound. This unique string instrument is played with a bow and features a set of keys that change the pitch of the strings, allowing musicians to create a wide range of melodies typical in Scandinavian folk music. The nyckelharpa holds cultural significance in Sweden, often associated with traditional folk dances and celebrations.
Sami music: Sami music refers to the traditional musical practices of the Sami people, an indigenous group primarily found in Northern Scandinavia. This music is characterized by its unique vocal techniques, particularly throat singing known as 'joik,' which serves as both a means of expression and a way to connect with nature and the spiritual world. Sami music is deeply intertwined with the cultural identity of the Sami people, reflecting their history, lifestyle, and relationship with their environment.
Swedish polska: The Swedish polska is a traditional folk dance and music form originating from Sweden, characterized by its lively tempo and unique rhythms. It typically features a 3/4 time signature, with a strong emphasis on the first beat, making it distinct from other dances. The polska often accompanies a specific style of fiddle playing, creating a vibrant atmosphere at social gatherings and celebrations.
Trygve Seim: Trygve Seim is a prominent Norwegian saxophonist and composer known for his contributions to the world of Scandinavian folk music. He is recognized for blending traditional Nordic sounds with jazz, creating a unique style that showcases the versatility of folk instruments alongside contemporary musical forms. Seim's work often incorporates elements of improvisation and draws on the rich tapestry of Scandinavian cultural heritage.
Viking age music: Viking Age music refers to the musical traditions and practices that emerged during the Viking Age, approximately from 793 to 1066 CE. This period is characterized by a rich tapestry of oral traditions, including songs and instrumental music that were integral to Viking culture, celebrations, and rituals. The use of various instruments, combined with vocal styles, played a significant role in storytelling and preserving history within Norse society.
© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.
Back
Practice QuizGlossary
Practice QuizGlossary
Next guide