🤕Torts Unit 2 – Intentional Torts: Battery, Assault & More

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Tort law covers civil wrongs resulting in harm or loss, enabling the injured party to seek compensation
• Intentional torts occur when the defendant deliberately acts in a way that causes harm to the plaintiff
• Intent in tort law means the defendant either desired the consequences of their act or believed the consequences were substantially certain to result
• Transferred intent applies when the defendant intends to commit a tort against one party but unintentionally commits the tort against another party instead
  • If Adam tries to punch Bob but misses and hits Charlie instead, transferred intent would apply
• Vicarious liability holds one party legally responsible for the actions of another, such as an employer being liable for the actions of an employee

Types of Intentional Torts

• Battery involves intentional harmful or offensive contact with another person without their consent
• Assault occurs when the defendant intentionally causes the plaintiff to reasonably apprehend imminent harmful or offensive contact
• False imprisonment is the intentional confinement of a person within fixed boundaries without legal justification
• Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) involves extreme or outrageous conduct that intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress
• Trespass to land is the intentional entry onto another person's property without permission
• Conversion is the intentional exercise of dominion or control over another's personal property, interfering with their right to possession
• Defamation, including libel (written) and slander (spoken), is the publication of a false statement that harms the plaintiff's reputation

Elements of Battery

• Act the defendant must voluntarily perform an act that results in harmful or offensive contact with the plaintiff
  • Omissions or failures to act generally do not constitute battery
• Intent the defendant must intend to cause harmful or offensive contact or be substantially certain that such contact will occur
  • Intent can be transferred from the intended victim to the actual victim (transferred intent)
• Harmful or offensive contact the contact must be harmful or offensive to a reasonable person
  • Offense is judged by an objective standard, not the plaintiff's subjective sensitivities
• Causation the defendant's act must be the actual and proximate cause of the harmful or offensive contact
• Damages the plaintiff must suffer some form of harm or loss, which can include physical injury, pain and suffering, medical expenses, or other compensable damages

Understanding Assault

• Assault does not require actual physical contact, only the apprehension of imminent harmful or offensive contact
• Words alone generally do not constitute assault unless accompanied by some action that indicates the defendant's ability to carry out the threat
• The plaintiff's apprehension must be reasonable under the circumstances
  • Factors such as the defendant's words, actions, and ability to carry out the threat are considered
• Assault can occur even if the defendant does not actually intend to carry out the threatened contact, as long as the plaintiff reasonably believes the threat is genuine
• Assault often accompanies battery, but it can also occur independently if the threatened contact does not ultimately occur

Other Common Intentional Torts

• False imprisonment requires the intentional confinement of the plaintiff within fixed boundaries without legal justification or the plaintiff's consent
  • Confinement can be physical (locking someone in a room) or through the threat of force (threatening to shoot someone if they leave)
• IIED consists of extreme or outrageous conduct that intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress
  • The conduct must be so outrageous that it exceeds all bounds of decency tolerated by society
• Trespass to land involves the intentional entry onto another's property without permission or legal justification
  • Trespass can occur even if no harm is done to the property
• Conversion is the intentional interference with another's right to possession of personal property
  • This can include taking, using, or destroying another's property without permission

Defenses to Intentional Torts

• Consent a person cannot claim an intentional tort if they consented to the act in question
  • Consent can be express (verbal or written) or implied (through actions or circumstances)
• Self-defense a person is justified in using reasonable force to defend themselves against the imminent use of unlawful force
  • The force used in self-defense must be proportional to the threat faced
• Defense of others a person can use reasonable force to defend another person who they reasonably believe is facing the imminent use of unlawful force
• Necessity a person may be justified in committing an intentional tort if it was necessary to prevent a greater harm
  • The harm avoided must outweigh the harm caused by the intentional tort
• Legal authority some acts that would otherwise be intentional torts may be legally justified, such as a police officer using reasonable force to make an arrest

Real-World Examples and Case Studies

• In Vosburg v. Putney (1891), a schoolboy kicked another boy in the leg, causing severe injury. The court held that the kicking constituted battery, even though the defendant did not intend to cause such severe harm.
• In Brooker v. Silverthorne (1919), a man repeatedly called a woman on the phone, threatening to come to her house and have sex with her. The court found that these threats constituted assault, even though no physical contact occurred.
• In Enright v. Groves (1977), a police officer stopped a woman for a traffic violation and refused to let her leave until she signed the citation. The court held that this constituted false imprisonment, as the officer had no legal authority to detain her once the citation was issued.
• In Womack v. Eldridge (1974), a man posed as a photographer and tricked a woman into letting him take her picture, which he then used to create a false child molestation story. The court found that this conduct was sufficiently extreme and outrageous to support a claim of IIED.

Practical Applications and Legal Implications

• Understanding intentional torts is crucial for individuals to protect their rights and seek compensation for harm suffered
• Businesses must be aware of intentional tort law to avoid liability and ensure proper employee training and supervision
  • Employers can be held vicariously liable for the intentional torts committed by their employees within the scope of employment
• Intentional tort law plays a role in various fields, such as sports (battery in contact sports), media (defamation), and property disputes (trespass and conversion)
• Legislators and courts must balance the need to protect individuals from harm with the importance of preserving personal freedom and limiting frivolous lawsuits
• The study of intentional torts helps shape public policy and societal norms regarding acceptable conduct and the consequences of wrongful actions
• Knowledge of intentional tort law is essential for legal professionals, as these cases often involve complex factual scenarios and competing interests that require careful analysis and argumentation