1.7 Realism and naturalism
9 min read•august 21, 2024
and emerged in late 19th-century theater as a reaction against artificiality. These movements aimed to portray life on stage truthfully, reflecting social, economic, and political realities of the time.
Key figures like and pioneered realist theater, focusing on everyday life and emphasizing authenticity. Their works rejected melodrama and spectacle, instead creating relatable characters and situations audiences could identify with.
Origins of realism and naturalism
- Realism and naturalism emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against the artificiality and exaggeration of previous theatrical styles
- These movements sought to portray life on stage as accurately and truthfully as possible, reflecting the social, economic, and political realities of the time
Influences on realist theater
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- The rise of the middle class and the led to a demand for theater that reflected the experiences and concerns of everyday people
- Scientific advancements, such as Darwin's theory of evolution, influenced the desire for a more objective and scientific approach to art and literature
- The development of photography and journalism contributed to a growing interest in capturing reality and documenting the world around us
- Social and political movements, such as the women's suffrage movement and the rise of socialism, challenged traditional power structures and inspired artists to address social issues on stage
Key figures in realist movement
- Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian playwright, is often considered the father of modern realism in theater
- His plays, such as "" and "Ghosts," dealt with controversial social issues and challenged traditional gender roles
- Anton Chekhov, a Russian playwright and short story writer, is known for his subtle, nuanced portrayals of everyday life and the inner lives of his characters
- Plays like "The Seagull" and "Uncle Vanya" exemplify his realist approach
- , a French novelist and playwright, was a leading proponent of naturalism, which took realism to an extreme by emphasizing the role of heredity and environment in shaping human behavior
- His play "Thérèse Raquin" is a prime example of naturalist theater
Characteristics of realist theater
- Realism and naturalism in theater aimed to present a truthful, accurate representation of life on stage, focusing on the struggles, triumphs, and everyday experiences of ordinary people
- These movements rejected the artificiality, exaggeration, and spectacle of earlier theatrical styles in favor of a more grounded, authentic approach
Focus on everyday life
- Realist plays often depict the lives of middle or working-class characters, exploring their relationships, conflicts, and aspirations
- The subject matter of realist theater tends to revolve around family dynamics, social issues, and the challenges of modern life
- Playwrights aimed to create relatable, recognizable characters and situations that audiences could identify with and understand
Emphasis on authenticity
- Realist productions strive for a high degree of verisimilitude, or the appearance of being true or real
- Attention is paid to creating detailed, accurate sets, costumes, and props that reflect the specific time period and social milieu of the play
- Dialogue in realist plays is often written in a naturalistic style, mimicking the patterns and rhythms of everyday speech
- Playwrights sought to create psychologically complex, fully realized characters with clear motivations and inner lives
Rejection of melodrama and spectacle
- Realism and naturalism rejected the heightened emotions, exaggerated acting styles, and sensational plots of melodrama
- Instead, these movements favored subtlety, nuance, and a more understated approach to storytelling
- Spectacle and elaborate stage effects were minimized in favor of a more stripped-down, intimate style of theater that focused on character development and interpersonal dynamics
Staging realism and naturalism
- The staging of realist and naturalist plays aimed to create a convincing, immersive environment that accurately reflected the world of the characters
- Directors, designers, and technicians worked together to create productions that were as true-to-life as possible, paying close attention to every detail of the set, lighting, sound, costumes, and props
Set design for realism
- Realist sets are designed to be highly detailed and historically accurate, often depicting the interiors of homes, offices, or other everyday spaces
- Box sets, which create a three-dimensional, fully enclosed space on stage, became popular during the realist movement
- Set designers conducted extensive research to ensure that every element of the set, from the furniture to the wallpaper, was appropriate to the time period and social context of the play
- The use of real props and functional set pieces, such as working doors and windows, helped to create a sense of authenticity and believability
Lighting and sound in realist productions
- Lighting in realist theater aims to create a natural, lifelike atmosphere, often mimicking the effects of sunlight, moonlight, or artificial light sources
- The use of gas lighting and, later, electric lighting allowed for more subtle and nuanced lighting effects
- Sound effects, such as street noise, rain, or music from a radio, are often used to enhance the realism of the production and create a sense of place
- The integration of realistic lighting and sound helps to immerse the audience in the world of the play and support the emotional journey of the characters
Costumes and props in realist theater
- Costumes in realist productions are designed to accurately reflect the fashion and social norms of the time period and the characters' social class and occupation
- Costume designers often conduct research into historical clothing styles and fabrics to ensure authenticity
- Props in realist theater are carefully chosen to be historically accurate and to reflect the everyday objects that characters would use in their daily lives
- The use of real food, drinks, and other consumables on stage helps to create a sense of realism and engage the audience's senses
Acting in realist theater
- The acting style in realist theater emphasizes emotional truth, , and believability
- Actors are expected to create fully realized, three-dimensional characters with clear motivations, desires, and inner lives
- The ensemble nature of many realist plays requires actors to work together seamlessly to create a sense of authentic interaction and relationships on stage
Stanislavski's system of acting
- Constantin Stanislavski, a Russian actor and director, developed a highly influential system of acting that became the foundation for modern realist performance
- Stanislavski's system emphasizes the importance of emotional memory, imagination, and the "magic if" (asking oneself how one would behave in the character's circumstances)
- Actors are encouraged to use their own experiences and emotions to create a sense of truth and authenticity in their performances
- Techniques such as the "method of physical actions" and "active analysis" help actors to explore their characters' objectives and create a sense of inner life
Emotional truth and believability
- Realist acting prioritizes emotional honesty and the creation of believable, relatable characters
- Actors are expected to convey the inner thoughts, feelings, and struggles of their characters through subtle, nuanced performances
- The use of , or the underlying meaning beneath the dialogue, is crucial in realist acting
- Actors must be able to convey a sense of spontaneity and naturalness, even while performing a scripted play
Ensemble acting in realism
- Many realist plays feature large ensembles of characters, requiring actors to work together seamlessly to create a sense of community and shared history
- Actors must be attuned to their scene partners, listening and responding authentically to create a sense of real interaction and relationship
- The sense of ensemble is crucial in creating the illusion of a fully realized, three-dimensional world on stage
- Directors often encourage actors to engage in extensive rehearsals and character development exercises to build a strong sense of ensemble and shared purpose
Notable realist and naturalist plays
- The realist and naturalist movements produced a wealth of groundbreaking, influential plays that continue to be performed and studied today
- These plays often tackled controversial social issues, challenged traditional power structures, and explored the inner lives of complex, fully realized characters
Works of Henrik Ibsen
- "A Doll's House" (1879) - This groundbreaking play follows the story of Nora Helmer, a housewife who comes to question her traditional gender role and ultimately leaves her husband and children in search of self-discovery
- "Ghosts" (1881) - Ibsen's play deals with the taboo subjects of venereal disease, incest, and euthanasia, as well as the consequences of societal oppression and hypocrisy
- "Hedda Gabler" (1890) - The titular character, one of Ibsen's most complex and enigmatic creations, struggles against the constraints of her gender and social position, ultimately leading to a tragic end
Anton Chekhov's contributions to realism
- "The Seagull" (1896) - Chekhov's play explores the lives and relationships of a group of artists and intellectuals, delving into themes of love, art, and the search for meaning in life
- "Uncle Vanya" (1898) - Set on a rural estate, this play examines the frustrations, regrets, and unfulfilled desires of its characters, showcasing Chekhov's signature blend of comedy and pathos
- "The Cherry Orchard" (1904) - Chekhov's final play depicts the decline of the Russian aristocracy and the rise of the middle class, as the owners of a once-grand estate grapple with the sale of their beloved cherry orchard
Other significant realist playwrights
- August Strindberg, a Swedish playwright, explored the psychological complexities of human relationships in plays like "Miss Julie" (1888) and "The Father" (1887)
- Gerhart Hauptmann, a German playwright, depicted the lives of working-class characters in plays such as "The Weavers" (1892) and "The Rats" (1911)
- George Bernard Shaw, an Irish playwright, combined realist techniques with social commentary and satire in plays like "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (1893) and "Pygmalion" (1913)
Impact of realism and naturalism
- The realist and naturalist movements had a profound and lasting impact on the development of modern theater
- These movements challenged traditional theatrical conventions, paved the way for new forms of artistic expression, and continue to influence playwrights, directors, and actors to this day
Influence on modern theater
- Realism and naturalism laid the foundation for the development of various modern theatrical styles, such as epic theater, absurdism, and postmodernism
- The emphasis on emotional truth, psychological depth, and social commentary in realist theater has become a cornerstone of contemporary playwriting and performance
- Many of the techniques and principles developed by realist and naturalist artists, such as Stanislavski's system of acting, continue to be taught and practiced in drama schools and theaters around the world
Realism vs other theatrical styles
- While realism and naturalism aimed to present a truthful, accurate representation of life on stage, other theatrical styles have sought to challenge or subvert this approach
- Epic theater, developed by Bertolt Brecht, uses techniques such as the "alienation effect" to encourage audiences to think critically about the social and political issues presented on stage
- Absurdist theater, exemplified by playwrights like Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco, explores the existential absurdity of the human condition through surreal, often illogical scenarios and dialogue
- Postmodern theater often blends elements of realism with more experimental, non-linear storytelling techniques, challenging traditional notions of narrative and character development
Legacy of realist movement in theater
- The realist and naturalist movements have left an indelible mark on the world of theater, influencing generations of artists and shaping the way we understand and appreciate the art form
- The plays of Ibsen, Chekhov, and other realist masters continue to be widely performed and adapted, serving as a testament to their enduring relevance and power
- The principles of realism and naturalism have been applied to other art forms, such as film and television, contributing to the development of new modes of storytelling and artistic expression
- The legacy of the realist movement serves as a reminder of the transformative power of theater to shed light on the human experience, spark social change, and inspire audiences to see the world in new and profound ways
Key Terms to Review (19)
A Doll's House: A Doll's House is a three-act play written by Henrik Ibsen, first performed in 1879, that explores themes of gender roles, marriage, and societal expectations. The story follows Nora Helmer, who ultimately questions the constraints placed upon her by her husband and society, leading to her dramatic decision to leave her family in search of independence. This play is pivotal in the context of realism and naturalism as it mirrors the struggles of everyday life and portrays characters facing real-world dilemmas.
Anton Chekhov: Anton Chekhov was a Russian playwright and short story writer, known for his significant contributions to the development of modern drama and literature. His works are characterized by a deep exploration of human psychology, capturing the complexities of everyday life while introducing elements of realism and naturalism. Chekhov's writing style and innovative techniques in character development have had a lasting impact on theatrical storytelling and the portrayal of nuanced characters in plays.
Character-driven narrative: A character-driven narrative is a storytelling approach where the development and transformation of characters are the primary focus, driving the plot and themes of the story. This style emphasizes the inner lives, motivations, and relationships of characters, often creating a more intimate and emotional connection with the audience. In contrast to plot-driven narratives, which prioritize events and action, character-driven stories unfold through the experiences and choices of their characters, making their journeys integral to the overall narrative arc.
Detailed Setting: A detailed setting refers to the rich and vivid description of the time and place where a story unfolds, providing context that shapes the narrative. It plays a crucial role in realism and naturalism by creating an environment that reflects the characters’ experiences and influences their actions. By using specific details, such as sights, sounds, and social conditions, a detailed setting enhances the audience's immersion and connection to the storyline.
Determinism: Determinism is the philosophical concept that every event, including human actions, is determined by preceding events in accordance with the laws of nature. This idea suggests that given the same circumstances, the outcome will always be the same, influencing various perspectives in fields such as theater, where it can affect character development and plot progression. In realism and naturalism, determinism emphasizes the influence of environment, heredity, and social conditions on individuals, challenging notions of free will and emphasizing the constraints within which characters operate.
émile zola: Émile Zola was a French novelist, playwright, and journalist known for his significant contributions to the literary movement of naturalism. He believed that literature should depict life accurately and scientifically, influenced by the social and environmental factors that shape human behavior. Zola's work emphasized the importance of observing reality to reflect society's struggles, particularly focusing on the working class and their hardships.
Ensemble Cast: An ensemble cast refers to a group of actors who share equal prominence in a production, working collaboratively to tell a story where no single performer is the focal point. This approach emphasizes collective performance and often blurs the lines of character hierarchy, allowing for deeper character development and interaction among the performers. In realism and naturalism, ensemble casts can effectively mirror real-life relationships and social dynamics, creating a more authentic experience for the audience.
Fourth wall: The fourth wall is an imaginary barrier between the actors on stage and the audience, creating a sense of separation that allows the audience to observe the action without interacting with it. This concept emphasizes the idea of a performance as a distinct reality, where actors behave as if the audience is not present. The fourth wall can be broken when characters acknowledge or interact with the audience, creating a different kind of engagement.
Henrik Ibsen: Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian playwright and poet, widely regarded as one of the founders of modern drama and a pivotal figure in the development of realism and naturalism in theater. His works often focus on societal issues, the human condition, and the intricacies of personal relationships, challenging traditional moral values and norms. Ibsen's emphasis on character-driven narratives and psychological depth set the stage for future playwrights, making him a key figure in the evolution of contemporary theater.
Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution was a transformative period that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, characterized by a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones. This era saw significant advancements in technology, manufacturing processes, and urbanization, drastically altering social and economic structures. The effects of the Industrial Revolution influenced various fields, including art and theater, giving rise to new movements such as realism and naturalism that sought to depict everyday life and the human condition accurately.
Method acting: Method acting is an approach to performance that encourages actors to draw from their own emotions and experiences to create a more authentic portrayal of their characters. This technique is rooted in the belief that understanding a character's inner life and motivations enhances the actor's ability to convey realism on stage or screen. By immersing themselves in their roles, actors can create performances that feel genuine and relatable, leading to a deeper connection with the audience.
Mimesis: Mimesis refers to the imitation or representation of reality in art and literature, particularly in theater. It involves recreating or reflecting real life through characters, dialogue, and actions, aiming to create a sense of authenticity and connection with the audience. This concept is essential in understanding how realism and naturalism strive to depict everyday experiences and societal truths on stage.
Naturalism: Naturalism is a theatrical movement that seeks to create a representation of reality through detailed and authentic depictions of everyday life, often highlighting the influence of environment and heredity on human behavior. It is closely related to realism, but it emphasizes a more scientific and deterministic approach to character development and plot, striving for an objective observation of life. This approach is particularly evident in dialogue, where the subtext reflects the characters' backgrounds and situations, and in monologues or scenes that capture the complexities of human experience.
Psychological Depth: Psychological depth refers to the complex emotional and mental layers that define a character's motivations, conflicts, and transformations. It is essential in creating realistic portrayals in theater, where characters are developed with inner thoughts, struggles, and histories that influence their actions and relationships on stage. This depth adds richness to storytelling, allowing audiences to connect with characters on a profound level.
Realism: Realism is a theatrical movement that seeks to depict everyday life and authentic human experiences on stage, emphasizing believable characters, settings, and situations. This approach challenges idealized portrayals and focuses on representing the complexity of ordinary people, often using natural dialogue and relatable themes to reflect society's realities.
Slice of life: Slice of life is a style of storytelling that captures ordinary moments and experiences in everyday life, often highlighting the mundane and the relatable aspects of human existence. This approach reflects realism by presenting characters and situations that audiences can identify with, focusing on genuine emotions, social interactions, and the complexities of daily life rather than dramatic plot twists or larger-than-life scenarios.
Social Reform: Social reform refers to organized efforts aimed at improving societal issues and addressing injustices, often through changes in laws, policies, or social practices. In the context of realism and naturalism in theater, social reform became a driving force as playwrights sought to represent the struggles of everyday people, highlight social inequalities, and advocate for change through their work.
Subtext: Subtext refers to the underlying meaning or unspoken thoughts and intentions that exist beneath the surface of spoken dialogue. It's what characters truly feel or think that may not be explicitly stated, providing depth to both character development and interactions. Understanding subtext is crucial for crafting realistic scenes, as it reveals the true emotions and motivations driving characters' actions.
The Sea Gull: The Sea Gull is a play written by Anton Chekhov that premiered in 1896, often regarded as one of the most significant works in the realm of realism and naturalism. The play intricately explores themes of unfulfilled aspirations, the nature of art, and complex interpersonal relationships, illustrating the struggles of its characters in their pursuit of love and artistic expression. Chekhov's unique blend of humor and melancholy allows audiences to engage deeply with the characters' internal conflicts, emphasizing the mundane yet profound aspects of their lives.