Television writing is a unique form of screenwriting with its own conventions and challenges. It involves crafting ongoing series with multiple episodes, collaborating in writers' rooms, and adapting to fast-paced production schedules.
Key elements include understanding TV script structures, developing characters for long-term arcs, balancing multiple storylines, and writing for commercial breaks. Aspiring TV writers must master these skills to create compelling series that engage viewers over time.
Fundamentals of television writing
Television writing is a unique form of screenwriting that requires a deep understanding of the medium's specific conventions, formats, and constraints
While there are some similarities to film writing, such as the need for strong characters, engaging dialogue, and compelling stories, television writing has its own distinct challenges and opportunities
Key terminology in television writing includes terms like , writers' room, , pilot, series bible, and more
Differences vs film writing
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Television writing often involves writing for ongoing series with multiple episodes and seasons, requiring long-term planning and continuity
TV scripts are typically shorter than feature film scripts, with specific act breaks for commercial breaks (in the case of network shows)
Television writing often involves collaboration with a team of writers in a writers' room, led by a showrunner
TV shows have a faster production timeline compared to films, requiring writers to work efficiently and adapt to network notes and changes
Similarities to film writing
Both television and film writing require strong storytelling skills, well-developed characters, and engaging dialogue
In both mediums, writers must be able to craft compelling scenes that advance the plot and reveal character
Visual storytelling is important in both TV and film writing, with writers needing to convey action, setting, and emotion through their scripts
Both forms of writing require an understanding of story structure, pacing, and genre conventions
Key terminology
Showrunner: the person responsible for overseeing all creative aspects of a television series, including writing, casting, and production
Writers' room: a collaborative space where a team of writers works together to break stories, outline episodes, and write scripts for a TV series
Spec script: a sample script written by an aspiring writer to showcase their skills and potentially gain employment in the industry
Pilot: the first episode of a television series, used to establish characters, setting, and premise, and to pitch the show to networks
Series bible: a comprehensive document that outlines the key elements of a TV series, including character descriptions, setting, tone, and long-term story arcs
Structure of television scripts
Television scripts have specific structures and formats depending on the type of show, such as one-hour dramas, half-hour comedies, multi-camera sitcoms, and single-camera comedies
Understanding these structures is crucial for writers to create scripts that fit the conventions and requirements of each format
Each format has its own unique pacing, act breaks, and storytelling techniques that writers must master to craft effective scripts
One-hour drama format
One-hour dramas typically follow a four-act structure, with a teaser (or ) at the beginning and a tag (or epilogue) at the end
Each act is approximately 15 pages long (excluding commercials), with a cliffhanger or twist at the end of each act to keep viewers engaged
One-hour dramas often feature multiple storylines (A-story, B-story, C-story) that interweave throughout the episode
Examples of one-hour dramas include "Breaking Bad," "Game of Thrones," and "The Sopranos"
Half-hour comedy format
Half-hour comedies can be either multi-camera sitcoms or single-camera comedies, each with their own distinct structure and style
Multi-camera sitcoms are typically filmed in front of a live studio audience and feature a with a cold open and tag
Single-camera comedies are filmed more like movies, without a live audience, and often feature a more fluid, cinematic style with fewer act breaks
Examples of half-hour comedies include "Friends" (multi-camera) and "The Office" (single-camera)
Multi-camera sitcom format
Multi-camera sitcoms are filmed in front of a live studio audience, with multiple cameras capturing the action simultaneously
Scripts for multi-camera sitcoms are typically around 25-30 pages long, with a three-act structure and a cold open and tag
The dialogue is often more exaggerated and performative, with actors playing to the live audience and pausing for laughter
Examples of multi-camera sitcoms include "Seinfeld," "The Big Bang Theory," and "Cheers"
Single-camera comedy format
Single-camera comedies are filmed more like movies, with a single camera capturing each scene and no live audience
Scripts for single-camera comedies are typically around 30-35 pages long, with a more fluid structure and fewer act breaks
The humor in single-camera comedies often relies more on visual gags, cutaways, and subtle performances rather than broad, audience-driven comedy
Examples of single-camera comedies include "Modern Family," "Parks and Recreation," and "Brooklyn Nine-Nine"
Character development for television
Developing strong, multi-dimensional characters is essential for creating compelling television series that engage viewers over multiple episodes and seasons
Television writers must establish character arcs, maintain consistency, consider ensemble dynamics, and effectively integrate guest stars to create a rich and believable world
Establishing character arcs
Character arcs refer to the journey and transformation a character undergoes throughout a series or season
Writers must establish clear goals, motivations, and conflicts for each character, allowing them to grow and change over time
Character arcs should be carefully planned and paced, with key turning points and revelations that drive the story forward
Examples of well-crafted character arcs include Walter White in "Breaking Bad" and Don Draper in "Mad Men"
Maintaining consistency across episodes
Consistency is crucial in television writing, as characters must remain recognizable and believable across multiple episodes and seasons
Writers must ensure that characters' personalities, behaviors, and relationships remain consistent, even as they grow and change
Continuity errors or inconsistencies can break viewer immersion and undermine the credibility of the story and characters
Writers often use character bibles and story outlines to maintain consistency and keep track of character details and arcs
Ensemble cast considerations
Many television series feature an ensemble cast of characters, each with their own storylines and relationships
Writing for an ensemble cast requires careful balancing of screen time, character development, and interweaving storylines
Writers must ensure that each character has a distinct voice, purpose, and contribution to the overall story
Examples of well-written ensemble casts include "Friends," "Lost," and "Orange Is the New Black"
Guest star integration
Guest stars can add variety, star power, and new dynamics to a television series
Writers must effectively integrate guest stars into the existing world and storylines, ensuring that their presence feels organic and purposeful
Guest stars' characters should be well-developed and contribute to the growth and development of the main cast
Examples of memorable guest star appearances include Brad Pitt on "Friends" and Robin Williams on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit"
Plot and story structure
Crafting compelling and engaging stories is at the heart of successful television writing
Writers must understand the elements of plot and story structure, including A-stories, B-stories, C-stories, teasers, acts, tags, cliffhangers, plot twists, continuity, and seasonal arcs
A-story, B-story, C-story
Television episodes often feature multiple storylines, known as A-stories, B-stories, and C-stories
The A-story is the main plot of the episode, focusing on the central conflict and characters
B-stories and C-stories are subplots that involve secondary characters and conflicts, often intersecting with or paralleling the A-story
Balancing and interweaving these storylines is crucial for maintaining viewer interest and creating a cohesive episode
Teaser, acts, tag
Television episodes are typically structured into a teaser (or cold open), several acts, and a tag (or epilogue)
The teaser is a short scene before the opening credits that hooks the viewer and sets up the episode's main conflict or premise
Acts are the main sections of the episode, separated by commercial breaks, each with its own mini-arc and cliffhanger
The tag is a short scene after the final act that provides closure, a final joke, or a setup for future episodes
Cliffhangers and plot twists
Cliffhangers are dramatic or suspenseful endings to an act or episode that leave the viewer eager to know what happens next
Plot twists are unexpected story developments that surprise the viewer and shift the direction of the narrative
Both cliffhangers and plot twists are essential tools for keeping viewers engaged and creating memorable, talked-about moments in a series
Examples of famous cliffhangers and plot twists include "Who shot J.R.?" on "Dallas" and the flash-forward reveal in the final episode of "Lost"
Continuity between episodes
Continuity refers to the consistency of characters, events, and storylines across multiple episodes and seasons
Maintaining continuity is crucial for creating a believable and immersive world that viewers can invest in over time
Writers must keep track of character arcs, relationships, and major events to ensure that the series maintains a sense of coherence and progression
Continuity errors can undermine viewer trust and engagement, so writers must be diligent in maintaining consistency
Seasonal story arcs
Seasonal story arcs are overarching narratives that span an entire season of a television series
These arcs often involve major character developments, central conflicts, and thematic explorations that are gradually revealed and resolved over the course of the season
Seasonal arcs provide a sense of structure and purpose to a series, giving viewers a reason to keep tuning in and investing in the story and characters
Examples of well-crafted seasonal arcs include the rise of Heisenberg in "Breaking Bad" and the mystery of the Yellow King in "True Detective" (Season 1)
Writing for commercials
Writing for television often involves accommodating commercial breaks, which can impact the pacing, structure, and storytelling of an episode
Writers must be skilled in crafting act breaks, integrating product placement, and working within the timing and pacing constraints of commercial television
Act breaks and cliffhangers
Act breaks are the points in an episode where the story pauses for a commercial break
Writers must craft compelling cliffhangers or twists at each act break to keep viewers engaged and eager to return after the commercial
Act breaks should be placed at natural turning points or moments of heightened tension in the story
Examples of effective act breaks include the revelation of a secret, a character in peril, or a surprising plot development
Product placement integration
Product placement refers to the incorporation of branded products or services into the story or setting of a television episode
Writers may be asked to integrate product placement in a way that feels organic and natural to the story and characters
Product placement can be a delicate balance, as too much or too obvious placement can feel inauthentic and disrupt viewer immersion
Examples of product placement include characters using specific brands of technology, vehicles, or food and beverage products
Timing and pacing constraints
Commercial television episodes have strict timing and pacing constraints, with specific lengths for each act and the overall episode
Writers must be able to craft stories that fit within these constraints, ensuring that each act is a satisfying and well-paced mini-arc
Timing and pacing constraints can be challenging, as writers must balance character development, plot progression, and thematic exploration within a limited timeframe
Experienced television writers develop a strong sense of timing and pacing, allowing them to create engaging and well-structured episodes that fit seamlessly into the commercial format
Collaboration in television writing
Television writing is a highly collaborative process, involving writers, showrunners, network executives, studios, actors, and directors
Understanding the dynamics of collaboration and the roles of each stakeholder is essential for success in the television industry
Writers' room dynamics
The writers' room is the collaborative space where a team of writers works together to break stories, outline episodes, and write scripts for a television series
Writers' room dynamics can vary depending on the showrunner's leadership style, the size of the writing staff, and the personalities of the individual writers
Effective writers' rooms foster open communication, creative brainstorming, and constructive feedback, allowing writers to build upon each other's ideas and create the best possible scripts
Examples of famous writers' rooms include those of "The Simpsons," "Saturday Night Live," and "The West Wing"
Showrunner's role and responsibilities
The showrunner is the person responsible for overseeing all creative aspects of a television series, including writing, casting, and production
Showrunners are the ultimate decision-makers in the writers' room, setting the creative vision and tone for the series and guiding the writing process
Effective showrunners are strong leaders who can manage a team of writers, communicate with network executives and studio representatives, and adapt to the challenges and demands of television production
Examples of renowned showrunners include Vince Gilligan ("Breaking Bad"), Shonda Rhimes ("Grey's Anatomy"), and David Chase ("The Sopranos")
Network and studio notes
Network and studio executives provide notes and feedback on television scripts, offering suggestions for improvements, changes, or adjustments to the story and characters
Writers must be able to receive and incorporate network and studio notes in a way that maintains the integrity of their creative vision while satisfying the needs and expectations of the stakeholders
Navigating network and studio notes can be a delicate process, requiring diplomacy, flexibility, and the ability to find creative solutions to feedback and concerns
Successful television writers learn to balance their creative instincts with the practical realities of the industry and the input of network and studio partners
Actor input and improvisation
Actors can provide valuable input and insights into their characters, helping to shape the direction and nuance of the writing
Some television series, particularly comedies, allow for actor improvisation during filming, which can lead to new ideas, jokes, or character moments that enhance the script
Writers must be open to collaboration with actors and be willing to adapt their scripts to incorporate the strengths and unique contributions of the cast
Examples of series that have benefited from actor input and improvisation include "Curb Your Enthusiasm," "Veep," and "Reno 911!"
Pitching and selling television scripts
Pitching and selling television scripts is a crucial skill for aspiring television writers, as it is the primary way to get their ideas and stories in front of industry decision-makers
Writers must be able to craft compelling loglines, create comprehensive series bibles, pitch effectively to networks and studios, and navigate the development process
Crafting a compelling logline
A logline is a brief, one-sentence summary of a television series that captures the central premise, characters, and conflict in a way that intrigues and excites potential buyers
Crafting a compelling logline requires distilling the essence of the series into a concise, engaging, and marketable statement
Effective loglines often include a unique hook, a sense of the series' tone and genre, and a glimpse of the central characters and their struggles
Examples of successful loglines include "A chemistry teacher turns to a life of crime to secure his family's future" ("Breaking Bad") and "A mockumentary on a group of typical office workers, where the workday consists of ego clashes, inappropriate behavior, and tedium" ("The Office")
Creating a series bible
A series bible is a comprehensive document that outlines the key elements of a television series, including character descriptions, setting, tone, and long-term story arcs
Series bibles are used to pitch a television series to networks and studios, providing a detailed overview of the show's creative vision and potential for long-term success
Effective series bibles include detailed character profiles, episode ideas, season-long story arcs, and a clear sense of the series' unique voice and perspective
Examples of famous series bibles include those for "Stranger Things," "Game of Thrones," and "The Wire"
Pitching to networks and studios
Pitching a television series involves presenting the logline, series bible, and creative vision to network and studio executives in a way that generates excitement and interest
Effective pitches are engaging, confident, and well-prepared, demonstrating the writer's passion for the project and their ability to execute the creative vision
Writers must be able to answer questions, address concerns, and adapt their pitch to the specific needs and preferences of each network or studio
Successful pitches often involve a combination of strong writing, compelling storytelling, and a unique creative perspective that sets the series apart from existing shows
Navigating the development process
The development process is the journey a television series takes from initial pitch to final production, involving multiple stages of feedback, revision, and refinement
Writers must be able to navigate the development process, working with network and studio executives to shape the series and address any creative or logistical challenges that arise
The development process can be lengthy and complex, requiring patience, persistence, and a willingness to collaborate and compromise when necessary
Successful navigation of the development process involves building strong relationships with industry partners, being responsive to feedback and notes, and maintaining a clear creative vision throughout the journey
Career paths in television writing
There are several career paths available to aspiring television writers, each with its own unique challenges, opportunities, and trajectories
Understanding the different roles and responsibilities of staff writers, showrunners, freelance writers, and spec script writers can help aspiring writers navigate their careers in the television industry
Staff writer to showrunner
The traditional career path for television writers involves starting as a staff writer and working up the ranks to eventually become a showrunner
Staff writers are part of the writing team for a television series, working in the writers' room to break stories, outline episodes, and write scripts
As writers gain experience and prove their skills, they can be promoted to higher positions such as story editor, executive story editor, and co-producer, taking on more responsibility and creative control
Showrunners are the highest-level writers on a television series, overseeing all creative aspects of the show and serving as the final decision-maker in the writers' room
Examples of writers who have followed this career path include Vince Gilligan ("Breaking Bad"), Shonda Rhimes ("Grey's
Key Terms to Review (18)
Backstory: Backstory refers to the history and background information of characters and events that precede the main narrative. It enriches the storytelling by providing context, enhancing character development, and creating emotional depth that connects audiences with the storyline and its players.
Character Arc: A character arc is the transformation or inner journey of a character over the course of a story, illustrating how they evolve in response to the events and challenges they face. This evolution typically involves a shift in their beliefs, motivations, or behaviors, connecting deeply with the story's structure, themes, and character dynamics.
Cold open: A cold open is a storytelling technique used in television writing that presents a brief scene or sequence before the opening credits or main theme music of a show. This device aims to engage viewers immediately, often featuring a compelling hook or an intriguing moment that sets up the episode's premise. Cold opens are commonly used in both scripted comedies and dramas to grab the audience's attention and create anticipation for the unfolding story.
Demographics: Demographics refer to the statistical characteristics of a population, including factors such as age, gender, income level, education, and marital status. Understanding demographics is crucial in crafting television content that resonates with target audiences, allowing writers and producers to tailor their storytelling and marketing strategies effectively.
Drama series: A drama series is a scripted television program that focuses on character-driven narratives and emotional storytelling, typically featuring serious themes and complex characters. These series often explore deep interpersonal relationships, moral dilemmas, and societal issues over multiple episodes or seasons, allowing for character development and plot arcs that evolve over time.
Half-hour format: The half-hour format refers to a specific television show structure that typically runs for about 22 to 28 minutes of content, allowing for approximately 2 to 8 minutes of commercial breaks. This format is widely used for sitcoms, dramedies, and other episodic content, making it a staple in television programming. Its concise runtime challenges writers to create engaging narratives that develop characters and story arcs within a limited timeframe.
Limited series: A limited series is a type of television programming that consists of a predetermined number of episodes, usually telling a single, cohesive story. Unlike traditional series that may run for multiple seasons, limited series are designed to have a clear beginning, middle, and end, making them more akin to a movie or novel in their storytelling structure. This format allows for deeper character development and intricate plotlines within a compact timeframe.
Pilot episode: A pilot episode is a standalone episode of a television series that is used to sell the show to networks or streaming platforms. It serves as a prototype for the series, showcasing the characters, tone, and style, and aims to generate interest from both executives and audiences. A successful pilot can lead to a full season order and sets the foundation for the series' future direction.
Ratings: Ratings refer to the measurement of the audience size and viewership for television programs, expressed as a percentage of the total potential audience. These metrics are essential for networks and advertisers as they gauge a program's popularity and financial viability. High ratings indicate strong viewer engagement, which can lead to increased advertising revenue and renewed contracts for shows.
Script supervisor: A script supervisor is a key member of a film or television production team responsible for maintaining continuity throughout the shoot, ensuring that all elements of the script are followed accurately. This role is crucial for collaborative storytelling as it involves communication with directors, actors, and other crew members to track changes and ensure the narrative flows seamlessly across different scenes and takes. In television writing, the script supervisor's attention to detail helps maintain consistency in character development and plot progression across multiple episodes.
Series finale: A series finale is the concluding episode of a television show, which typically wraps up the storylines, character arcs, and themes established throughout the series. It serves as a significant moment for both the characters and the audience, often leaving a lasting impression and resolving lingering questions or conflicts. The series finale can define how a show is remembered and impacts viewer satisfaction.
Shooting script: A shooting script is a version of a screenplay that is formatted specifically for the production of a film or television show. This script includes detailed instructions for the crew, such as camera angles, shot descriptions, and notes on performance and timing, which are essential for guiding the filming process. It serves as a crucial tool for directors, cinematographers, and production teams to visualize and organize each scene effectively during the shoot.
Showrunner: A showrunner is the person responsible for the overall creative direction and management of a television series. They oversee all aspects of production, including writing, casting, editing, and budgeting, ensuring that the vision of the show is consistently maintained. The role combines creative leadership with business acumen, making showrunners crucial to a show's success or failure.
Sitcom: A sitcom, short for situational comedy, is a genre of television programming that centers around a fixed set of characters and settings, often featuring humorous situations and dialogue. Sitcoms typically follow a structured format, with episodes revolving around common themes such as family dynamics, friendships, or workplace scenarios. The genre has become a staple of television entertainment, appealing to diverse audiences with its mix of humor and relatable situations.
Spec script: A spec script is a screenplay written without being commissioned or contracted, intended to showcase a writer's talent and style. It serves as a calling card for screenwriters to attract attention from producers and agents, demonstrating the writer's unique voice and ability to craft engaging stories. Spec scripts can be used for both feature films and television, making them an essential tool in a writer's journey through the industry.
Tag scene: A tag scene is a short scene that typically comes at the end of an episode of a television show, providing a final moment of humor, insight, or character development. It often serves as a light-hearted wrap-up after the main story has concluded, allowing for a quick joke or an emotional note that leaves the audience with a satisfying feeling. Tag scenes can help to reinforce themes or character arcs presented throughout the episode.
Three-act structure: The three-act structure is a narrative framework that divides a story into three distinct sections: setup, confrontation, and resolution. This model helps writers create a cohesive flow, guiding the audience through the development of characters and plot while maintaining pacing and dramatic tension.
Writer's room: A writer's room is a collaborative space where a team of writers come together to brainstorm, outline, and develop scripts for television shows. This environment fosters creativity and collaboration, allowing multiple perspectives to shape the narrative, characters, and overall structure of a series. It is essential for creating high-quality content, as it combines diverse ideas into a cohesive story while ensuring that the show's vision aligns with the creator's intent.