2.9 Other health impairments
8 min read•august 21, 2024
(OHI) cover a range of medical conditions that affect students' learning. These can include , , , and . Each condition presents unique challenges in the classroom, impacting focus, attendance, and physical abilities.
Special educators must understand these diverse health needs to provide effective support. This involves adapting teaching strategies, managing medications, and creating inclusive environments. Collaboration with medical professionals and families is key to ensuring students with OHI can fully participate in their education.
Definition and characteristics
- Other Health Impairments (OHI) encompasses a range of medical conditions affecting students' educational performance
- OHI requires special education professionals to understand diverse health needs and their impact on learning
- Educators must adapt teaching strategies and environments to support students with OHI effectively
Common health conditions
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- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects focus, impulse control, and activity levels
- Asthma impacts respiratory function, potentially limiting physical activities and attendance
- Diabetes requires blood sugar monitoring and management throughout the school day
- Epilepsy involves seizures that may disrupt learning and require safety precautions
- necessitates careful monitoring to prevent injuries and manage bleeding episodes
Impact on educational performance
- associated with various health conditions can reduce stamina for academic tasks
- Frequent medical appointments may lead to increased absenteeism and gaps in learning
- Pain or discomfort from health issues can impair concentration and cognitive functioning
- Side effects from medications may affect alertness, memory, or behavior in the classroom
- Physical limitations might restrict participation in certain educational activities or settings
Legal considerations
- The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act () and of the Rehabilitation Act provide legal frameworks for supporting students with OHI
- Special educators must understand these laws to ensure appropriate services and accommodations
- Legal considerations shape the development of educational plans and support services for students with OHI
IDEA classification
- Other Health Impairment is one of 13 disability categories recognized under IDEA
- Qualifies students for special education services if the health condition adversely affects educational performance
- Requires limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to chronic or acute health problems
- Includes conditions such as lead poisoning, Tourette syndrome, and sickle cell anemia
- Necessitates an (IEP) to address specific health-related needs
Section 504 accommodations
- Provides civil rights protection for students with disabilities, including those with OHI
- Ensures equal access to education through reasonable accommodations
- May include extended time on assignments, modified schedules, or
- Does not require a specific diagnosis, focusing instead on functional limitations
- Allows for a to outline necessary accommodations and support services
Assessment and identification
- Comprehensive assessment process involves both medical and educational evaluations
- Requires collaboration between healthcare providers, educators, and families
- Aims to identify specific health needs and their impact on learning and school participation
Medical evaluation process
- Conducted by licensed healthcare professionals (physicians, specialists)
- Includes physical examinations, diagnostic tests, and medical history review
- Provides detailed information about the student's health condition and prognosis
- May recommend specific accommodations or restrictions for the school setting
- Informs the development of health care plans and emergency protocols
Educational impact assessment
- Evaluates how the health condition affects the student's academic performance
- Includes classroom observations, standardized tests, and functional assessments
- Assesses areas such as attendance, attention, stamina, and physical capabilities
- Identifies specific learning needs related to the health condition
- Guides the development of appropriate educational goals and interventions
Instructional strategies
- Tailored approaches address the unique learning needs of students with OHI
- Focus on maximizing participation and academic success while managing health concerns
- Require flexibility and creativity in instructional design and delivery
Accommodations vs modifications
- Accommodations change how students learn without altering curriculum content
- Extended time for assignments
- Frequent breaks during instruction
- Alternative response methods (verbal instead of written)
- Modifications adjust what students are expected to learn
- Reduced workload
- Simplified assignments
- Alternative assessments
- Both aim to provide access to the general education curriculum
- Decisions based on individual student needs and health considerations
Assistive technology options
- Text-to-speech software supports students with reading difficulties due to fatigue
- Voice recognition programs assist those with limited physical stamina for writing
- Specialized seating or positioning equipment enhances comfort and focus
- Medication tracking apps help manage complex treatment regimens
- Augmentative and alternative communication devices aid students with speech impairments
Classroom management
- Effective management strategies create a supportive environment for students with OHI
- Balances academic needs with health-related requirements
- Promotes inclusion and understanding among peers and staff
Environmental adaptations
- Adjustable lighting reduces eye strain and headaches for light-sensitive students
- Noise-canceling headphones minimize distractions for those with sensory sensitivities
- Accessible seating arrangements accommodate mobility aids or medical equipment
- Designated quiet areas provide space for rest or medical procedures
- Air purifiers improve air quality for students with respiratory conditions
Health-related procedures
- Establish protocols for medication administration during school hours
- Train staff on emergency response procedures (seizure management, allergic reactions)
- Implement infection control measures to protect immunocompromised students
- Create systems for monitoring and reporting health status changes
- Develop plans for managing medical equipment (feeding tubes, catheters) in the classroom
Collaboration and support
- Effective support for students with OHI requires a coordinated team approach
- Emphasizes open communication and shared decision-making among all stakeholders
- Ensures comprehensive care addressing both educational and health needs
Interdisciplinary team approach
- School nurses provide medical expertise and coordinate health services
- Occupational therapists address fine motor skills and adaptive equipment needs
- Physical therapists focus on mobility and physical accessibility issues
- Speech-language pathologists support communication and swallowing difficulties
- School psychologists assess cognitive and emotional impacts of health conditions
- Regular team meetings facilitate information sharing and coordinated interventions
Family involvement strategies
- Establish consistent communication channels (daily logs, regular conferences)
- Provide education and training on school-based health management strategies
- Involve families in decision-making processes for educational and health planning
- Create opportunities for parent networking and support groups
- Collaborate on developing home-school continuity in health management approaches
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)
- IEPs for students with OHI address both academic and health-related needs
- Require careful consideration of how health conditions impact learning and participation
- Must be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changing health status
Health-specific goals
- Develop self-management skills for medication adherence and symptom monitoring
- Improve stamina and endurance for academic tasks and physical activities
- Enhance coping strategies for managing pain or discomfort in the school setting
- Increase independence in using assistive technology or medical equipment
- Foster for communicating health needs to teachers and peers
Related services considerations
- School nursing services to manage complex medical needs during the school day
- Occupational therapy to improve fine motor skills affected by health conditions
- Physical therapy to address mobility issues and physical accessibility
- Counseling services to support emotional well-being and coping with chronic illness
- Transportation accommodations to ensure safe and comfortable school travel
Transition planning
- Prepares students with OHI for post-secondary education, employment, and independent living
- Focuses on developing skills for managing health needs in adult settings
- Requires collaboration between education, health, and vocational services
Post-secondary health management
- Teach skills for independently scheduling and attending medical appointments
- Develop strategies for without parental oversight
- Educate on health insurance navigation and accessing adult healthcare services
- Practice communicating health needs to professors, employers, or dormitory staff
- Create emergency plans for managing health crises in various adult settings
Career and vocational considerations
- Explore career options compatible with specific health limitations or strengths
- Discuss workplace accommodations and rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act
- Provide opportunities for job shadowing or internships in health-friendly environments
- Develop skills for disclosing health conditions to potential employers when necessary
- Consider impact of health needs on job schedules, locations, or physical demands
Psychological and social aspects
- Chronic health conditions can significantly impact students' emotional well-being and social interactions
- Special educators play a crucial role in supporting the holistic development of students with OHI
- Addressing psychological and social needs is essential for academic success and quality of life
Self-advocacy skills
- Teach students to articulate their health needs and accommodation requirements
- Practice role-playing scenarios for requesting help or explaining their condition
- Develop skills for setting boundaries and managing energy levels
- Encourage participation in IEP meetings and decision-making processes
- Foster independence in managing health-related tasks and communications
Peer awareness and support
- Implement peer education programs about various health conditions
- Facilitate inclusive activities that accommodate students' health needs
- Encourage peer mentoring or buddy systems for social and academic support
- Address bullying or stigma related to health conditions proactively
- Create opportunities for students with OHI to share their experiences (if comfortable)
Medication management
- Proper medication management is crucial for many students with OHI
- Requires clear policies and procedures to ensure safety and efficacy
- Involves collaboration between school staff, families, and healthcare providers
School policies
- Develop clear guidelines for storing and administering medications on campus
- Establish protocols for documenting medication doses and any observed side effects
- Create procedures for handling medication during field trips or off-site activities
- Implement systems for securely transporting medications between home and school
- Develop policies for student self-administration of medications when appropriate
Staff training requirements
- Provide general education on common health conditions and medications
- Train designated staff on proper medication administration techniques
- Educate all staff on recognizing signs of adverse reactions or medication errors
- Implement regular refresher courses on medication safety and emergency procedures
- Ensure staff understanding of privacy laws regarding student health information
Crisis intervention
- Students with OHI may experience health-related emergencies requiring immediate action
- Well-prepared plans are essential for student safety and well-being
- All school staff should be familiar with emergency procedures for students with OHI
Emergency action plans
- Develop individualized plans for each student with potential health crises
- Include step-by-step instructions for managing specific health emergencies
- Specify locations of emergency medications or equipment (EpiPens, inhalers)
- Outline procedures for contacting emergency services and notifying parents
- Regularly review and update plans to reflect changes in student health status
Staff roles and responsibilities
- Designate primary and backup staff members responsible for emergency response
- Define clear chain of command for decision-making during health crises
- Assign specific tasks (administering medication, calling 911, crowd control)
- Establish communication protocols for informing necessary parties during emergencies
- Conduct regular drills to ensure all staff members understand their roles
Key Terms to Review (29)
504 Plan: A 504 Plan is a legal document created to ensure that a student with a disability receives the necessary accommodations and support to access their education. It is designed to provide students who do not qualify for special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) but still require help due to their disabilities, such as specific learning disabilities or other health impairments. This plan outlines specific accommodations, modifications, and services to help students succeed in school.
ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. Individuals with ADHD may struggle with focus and organization, impacting their academic performance and social interactions. The condition is often diagnosed in childhood but can persist into adulthood, making it relevant in understanding the needs of individuals across the lifespan.
Assessment Procedures: Assessment procedures refer to the systematic methods used to evaluate and measure students' skills, knowledge, and abilities, particularly in identifying their needs and potential for growth. These procedures play a vital role in determining eligibility for special education services and creating individualized education programs (IEPs). They often include various types of assessments such as observations, tests, interviews, and checklists to gather comprehensive data about the student.
Assistive Technology: Assistive technology refers to devices, software, or equipment that help individuals with disabilities perform tasks that might otherwise be difficult or impossible. This technology enhances learning, communication, mobility, and overall independence, making it essential in creating inclusive environments for all learners.
Asthma: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This condition can be triggered by various environmental factors, allergens, or respiratory infections, making it a significant concern in health management and education for individuals with other health impairments.
Attention difficulties: Attention difficulties refer to challenges in maintaining focus, sustaining attention, and regulating distractions, which can significantly impact learning and daily functioning. These challenges often manifest as impulsivity, hyperactivity, or difficulty in organizing tasks, making it hard for individuals to engage fully in academic and social activities. Understanding attention difficulties is crucial in identifying and supporting those with other health impairments, as these issues often intersect with various medical conditions that affect cognitive processes.
Chronic Fatigue: Chronic fatigue is a persistent feeling of exhaustion that lasts for at least six months and is not improved by rest. This condition often interferes with daily activities and can be associated with other health impairments, making it a significant concern in understanding overall health. Chronic fatigue can impact cognitive function, emotional well-being, and physical capabilities, often leading to social isolation and reduced quality of life.
Crisis Intervention: Crisis intervention is a set of emergency psychological responses aimed at assisting individuals experiencing acute psychological distress or crisis. This approach seeks to stabilize individuals, provide immediate support, and connect them with longer-term resources, helping them regain a sense of control and safety. The goal is to address the immediate needs of the individual while minimizing the potential for further emotional or behavioral deterioration.
Diabetes: Diabetes is a chronic health condition that occurs when the body is unable to properly regulate blood glucose levels, leading to high blood sugar. It can result from either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to effectively use insulin, causing various health complications. Understanding diabetes is crucial as it falls under the category of other health impairments, affecting not only physical health but also social and emotional well-being.
Disability Determination: Disability determination is the process used to evaluate an individual's physical or mental impairments to decide their eligibility for special education services or benefits. This process is essential for identifying those who may require additional support and accommodations in educational settings due to their health-related challenges.
Eligibility criteria: Eligibility criteria refer to the specific requirements that must be met for an individual to qualify for certain services, benefits, or classifications, particularly in the context of special education. These criteria help to ensure that only those who truly need assistance receive it, based on their unique health and educational needs. They are essential for identifying students who qualify under various categories, such as other health impairments, and for guiding decisions about appropriate educational interventions and supports.
Emergency Action Plans: Emergency action plans are structured guidelines designed to prepare for and respond to potential emergencies, ensuring safety and effective management in crisis situations. These plans outline roles, responsibilities, procedures, and resources required to address emergencies, including health impairments, thereby minimizing risks and enhancing safety in various environments.
Environmental adaptations: Environmental adaptations refer to changes made to the physical or social environment to support individuals with specific needs, particularly those with disabilities. These adaptations aim to enhance accessibility and functionality, allowing individuals to participate more fully in their surroundings and educational settings. By modifying the environment, it becomes easier for those with health impairments to engage and thrive in various activities.
Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are sudden and uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain. This condition can significantly impact daily life and may vary widely in terms of seizure type and severity among individuals. Epilepsy is recognized as an 'other health impairment' because it often requires medical management and can affect a person's learning and health, while also being considered a physical disability when seizures interfere with mobility or other physical functions.
Epilepsy Foundation: The Epilepsy Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting individuals affected by epilepsy through education, advocacy, and research. This organization plays a crucial role in raising awareness about epilepsy, providing resources for those living with the condition, and promoting research to improve treatment options and quality of life for patients.
Evaluation Procedures: Evaluation procedures are systematic methods used to assess an individual's strengths, needs, and eligibility for special education services. These procedures often include a combination of assessments, observations, and interviews that provide comprehensive insights into a person's functioning and the impact of any health impairments on their educational performance.
Executive Function Deficits: Executive function deficits refer to impairments in the cognitive processes that manage and regulate thoughts, behaviors, and emotions to achieve goals. These deficits can significantly impact an individual's ability to plan, organize, initiate tasks, maintain attention, and control impulses, leading to challenges in academic and daily life settings.
Healthcare provider: A healthcare provider is an individual or organization that delivers medical services, treatment, and care to patients. This term encompasses a wide range of professionals including doctors, nurses, therapists, and hospitals, all of whom play vital roles in diagnosing and treating health conditions. In the context of other health impairments, healthcare providers are essential in identifying, managing, and supporting students with specific health needs that may affect their educational experience.
Hemophilia: Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, which is essential for stopping bleeding. It primarily affects males and is typically inherited, resulting from a deficiency in specific clotting factors in the blood. This condition can lead to spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding from injuries, making it crucial to understand its implications for health and mobility.
IDEA: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law ensuring that children with disabilities have the right to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) tailored to their individual needs. This law emphasizes the importance of inclusive education and provides specific guidelines for developing Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) that cater to each student's unique requirements.
Individualized Education Program: An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a legally binding document developed for students with disabilities that outlines specific educational goals, services, and accommodations tailored to their unique needs. This plan ensures that students receive personalized support to succeed in their educational environment, aligning with essential laws and frameworks that govern special education.
Medication management: Medication management is the process of overseeing and coordinating the administration of medications to ensure their safe and effective use in individuals, particularly those with health conditions that require ongoing treatment. This involves monitoring medication regimens, assessing for potential side effects, ensuring adherence to prescribed treatments, and making necessary adjustments in collaboration with healthcare providers. Effective medication management is crucial for individuals with health impairments, as it can significantly impact their overall well-being and quality of life.
National ADHD Association: The National ADHD Association is a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing support, information, and resources for individuals affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This association focuses on advocacy, education, and research related to ADHD, helping to promote understanding and effective strategies for those impacted by this condition.
Other health impairments: Other health impairments refer to a broad category of chronic health conditions that can limit a child's strength, vitality, or alertness and may adversely affect their educational performance. These conditions include, but are not limited to, epilepsy, asthma, ADHD, diabetes, and heart conditions. Recognizing these impairments is crucial for ensuring that students receive appropriate support and services to thrive academically and socially.
Peer awareness and support: Peer awareness and support refers to the understanding and assistance provided by classmates to one another, particularly in recognizing and responding to the needs of students with diverse abilities or health impairments. This dynamic fosters a more inclusive environment where students feel accepted and empowered, promoting collaboration and mutual respect among peers. By engaging in peer support, students learn empathy and social skills while building a community that values diversity.
Psychological aspects: Psychological aspects refer to the mental and emotional factors that influence an individual's behavior, perceptions, and overall mental well-being. These aspects play a crucial role in understanding how health impairments affect a person’s thoughts, feelings, and interactions with others. When considering health impairments, it's important to recognize how psychological factors can impact coping strategies, self-esteem, and the overall quality of life.
School nurse: A school nurse is a licensed healthcare professional who provides medical care, health education, and support to students in an educational setting. They play a vital role in promoting student health and wellness, managing chronic health conditions, and ensuring that students are healthy enough to learn effectively.
Section 504: Section 504 is a part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. It ensures that students with disabilities have equal access to education and related services, and it mandates that schools provide necessary accommodations to support their learning needs.
Self-advocacy skills: Self-advocacy skills refer to the ability of individuals to understand and communicate their own needs, rights, and desires effectively. These skills empower individuals to take charge of their own learning, make informed choices, and seek assistance when needed. In contexts like learning disabilities or health impairments, mastering self-advocacy is crucial for promoting independence and ensuring that individuals can actively participate in their education and wellness.