🎠Social Psychology Unit 7 – Conformity and Obedience

What's This All About?

• Conformity and obedience are two important concepts in social psychology that describe how individuals change their behavior to fit in with a group or comply with authority figures
• Conformity occurs when people alter their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to match those of the people around them, either because of real or imagined social pressure
• Obedience involves following the direct orders or commands of an authority figure, even if those orders go against personal values or beliefs
• These phenomena have been studied extensively by social psychologists to understand the power of social influence and the conditions under which people are likely to conform or obey
• Researchers have conducted various experiments (Asch conformity experiments, Milgram obedience studies) to investigate the factors that contribute to conformity and obedience
  • These experiments have yielded important insights into human behavior and decision-making in social contexts

Key Concepts and Theories

• Normative social influence describes the tendency to conform to gain social approval or avoid disapproval and rejection from others
  • People may publicly comply with group norms while privately disagreeing to fit in and be liked by the group
• Informational social influence occurs when people conform because they believe the group is better informed or has more accurate information about a situation
  • In ambiguous or uncertain situations, individuals may look to others for cues on how to behave appropriately
• The social impact theory proposed by Latané suggests that conformity increases as the strength, immediacy, and number of people in the group increases
  • Larger groups, physically closer others, and higher-status individuals tend to exert more influence on an individual's behavior
• Deutsch and Gerard distinguished between two types of conformity: public compliance (outward behavior change without private acceptance) and private acceptance (genuine change in beliefs or attitudes)
• The dual-process dependency model by Deutsch and Gerard explains that both normative and informational influences can lead to conformity, depending on the individual's goals and the situation
• Milgram's agency theory proposes that people obey authority figures because they see themselves as agents acting on behalf of the authority rather than being responsible for their actions
  • This theory helps explain why people may carry out orders that conflict with their personal moral standards

Famous Experiments

• The Asch conformity experiments demonstrated the power of group pressure to influence individual judgment
  • Participants were asked to compare the length of lines in a group setting, with confederates giving incorrect answers
  • About 75% of participants conformed to the group's incorrect judgment at least once, showing the strong effect of normative influence
• Milgram's obedience experiments investigated the extent to which people would obey authority figures, even when ordered to inflict harm on others
  • Participants were instructed by an experimenter to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to a "learner" (actually a confederate) for incorrect answers
  • A surprising 65% of participants continued to the highest shock level (450 volts), demonstrating the power of obedience to authority
• The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by Zimbardo, simulated a prison environment with college students acting as guards and prisoners
  • The study had to be ended prematurely due to the guards' increasingly abusive and sadistic behavior, highlighting the influence of social roles on conformity and obedience
• Sherif's autokinetic effect experiments used an optical illusion to study how social norms develop in ambiguous situations
  • Participants' estimates of the movement of a stationary light converged over time, demonstrating the formation of group norms through informational influence

Factors Influencing Conformity

• Group size affects conformity, with larger groups generally exerting more influence than smaller ones
  • However, the effect of group size diminishes after around 3-5 members, as additional members have less incremental impact
• Unanimity of the group increases conformity, as individuals are more likely to question their own judgment when faced with a consensus
  • The presence of a dissenting opinion can significantly reduce conformity, as it breaks the group's unanimity and provides social support for non-conformity
• Task difficulty and ambiguity lead to higher levels of conformity, as individuals rely more on others' judgments when the correct answer is unclear
  • In contrast, people are less likely to conform on tasks with clear, objective solutions
• Personal characteristics such as self-esteem, age, and culture can influence an individual's susceptibility to conformity
  • People with lower self-esteem, younger individuals, and those from collectivistic cultures tend to conform more readily
• The perceived importance of the decision or behavior can affect conformity, with less conformity observed for decisions that have significant personal consequences
• The individual's level of commitment to the group and the strength of their social identity influence conformity
  • People are more likely to conform to the norms of groups they strongly identify with and feel a sense of belonging to

Types of Social Influence

• Compliance refers to publicly going along with a request or demand, even if one privately disagrees
  • This type of conformity is often motivated by a desire to gain rewards, avoid punishments, or manage one's public image (foot-in-the-door technique)
• Identification occurs when an individual conforms to the expectations of a social role or to gain approval from a valued person or group
  • This conformity is based on the attractiveness of the source and the individual's desire to maintain a positive relationship (teacher-student, celebrity endorsements)
• Internalization involves accepting and integrating the beliefs or behaviors of others into one's own value system
  • This type of conformity results in genuine, long-lasting changes in attitudes and is most likely when the source is perceived as credible and trustworthy (expert opinions, peer influence)
• Obedience is a form of social influence in which an individual follows the direct orders of an authority figure
  • This compliance is based on the perceived legitimacy of the authority and the individual's sense of obligation to obey (military chain of command, following laws)
• Persuasion is the process of changing attitudes or beliefs through the use of arguments, appeals, or other persuasive techniques
  • Unlike other forms of social influence, persuasion often involves a more active, thoughtful consideration of the message (advertising, political campaigns)

Real-World Applications

• Understanding conformity and obedience has important implications for various aspects of society, such as decision-making in organizations, political behavior, and consumer choices
• In the workplace, conformity to group norms can lead to groupthink, where the desire for harmony overrides critical thinking and results in poor decisions
  • Encouraging dissent and diversity of thought can help prevent groupthink and improve decision-making
• Conformity and obedience play a role in the formation and maintenance of social norms, which guide behavior and create a sense of shared reality
  • Changing problematic social norms (littering, bullying) often requires challenging the majority view and encouraging non-conformity
• Advertisers and marketers often leverage principles of social influence to persuade consumers and increase product sales
  • Techniques such as social proof (highlighting popularity), authority (expert endorsements), and scarcity (limited-time offers) are commonly used
• Understanding the factors that influence obedience can help prevent abuses of power and promote ethical behavior in hierarchical settings
  • Training programs and clear guidelines for disobedience can empower individuals to resist unjust authority

Ethical Considerations

• The famous conformity and obedience experiments, while groundbreaking, have raised important ethical concerns about the treatment of participants and the potential for harm
• In Milgram's obedience studies, participants were subjected to significant psychological distress, believing they were inflicting pain on others
  • The use of deception and the lack of informed consent have been criticized as violations of research ethics
• The Stanford Prison Experiment has been faulted for its lack of safeguards and the failure to protect participants from psychological harm
  • The study's design and the researchers' role in enabling abusive behavior have been called into question
• These ethical lapses have led to the development of stricter guidelines and oversight for human subjects research, emphasizing informed consent, minimizing harm, and protecting participant well-being
• Researchers must carefully balance the scientific value of their studies with the ethical obligations to participants and society
  • Alternative methods, such as virtual reality simulations or low-impact designs, can help minimize potential harm while still yielding valuable insights

Current Research and Debates

• Recent research has explored the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying conformity and obedience, using techniques such as fMRI and EEG
  • Studies have identified brain regions involved in social influence, such as the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala
• The role of culture and diversity in shaping conformity and obedience is an active area of investigation
  • Cross-cultural studies have found variations in conformity rates, with collectivistic cultures generally showing higher levels than individualistic ones
• Researchers are examining the impact of online social networks and virtual communities on conformity and social influence
  • The anonymity and reach of online platforms may alter the dynamics of conformity and the spread of social norms
• The replication crisis in psychology has led to a re-examination of classic conformity and obedience studies, with some findings being called into question
  • Efforts to replicate key experiments and validate their conclusions are ongoing, to ensure the robustness of the field's knowledge base
• Scholars are exploring the positive aspects of conformity and obedience, such as their role in promoting prosocial behavior and maintaining social order
  • While often associated with negative outcomes, these phenomena can also serve important functions in society when balanced with individual autonomy and critical thinking