Glossary

6.6 Christian ethics and morality

13 min read•august 20, 2024

Christian ethics and morality form the foundation of how believers should live their lives. Rooted in biblical teachings and the example of Jesus Christ, these principles guide Christians in making moral decisions and living virtuously.

Key concepts include love, justice, and stewardship. , Jesus' teachings, and writings of early Church leaders all shape Christian ethical thought. Sin, redemption, and virtues like faith and humility are central themes.

Foundations of Christian ethics

  • Christian ethics are rooted in the moral teachings found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, which provide guidance on how to live a virtuous life in accordance with God's will
  • The life and teachings of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the Gospels, serve as the central foundation for Christian moral principles and values
  • The Church Fathers, early Christian theologians and leaders (Augustin, Aquinas), played a significant role in interpreting and developing Christian ethical thought based on scriptural teachings

Old Testament moral teachings

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  • The Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17) establish fundamental moral rules, such as prohibiting murder, theft, and adultery, and emphasizing the importance of honoring God and respecting others
  • The Mosaic Law, found in the first five books of the Old Testament (Torah), provides detailed guidance on moral, social, and religious conduct for the Israelites
  • Old Testament prophets, such as Isaiah and Amos, call for , righteousness, and care for the poor and oppressed, emphasizing the ethical dimensions of faith

New Testament moral teachings

  • Jesus' (Matthew 5-7) presents a radical ethic of love, forgiveness, and self-sacrifice, challenging followers to go beyond mere adherence to the law
  • The Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) highlight the virtues and attitudes that characterize the Christian life, such as humility, mercy, and peacemaking
  • The parables of Jesus, such as the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), emphasize the importance of compassion, love for one's neighbor, and transcending social and cultural boundaries

Role of Jesus Christ

  • Jesus is seen as the perfect embodiment of God's love and the ultimate moral exemplar for Christians to follow
  • His life, teachings, and sacrificial death on the cross demonstrate the depth of God's love for humanity and the path to redemption and eternal life
  • Jesus' command to "love your neighbor as yourself" (Mark 12:31) serves as a foundational principle for Christian ethics, emphasizing the centrality of love in moral decision-making

Influence of Church Fathers

  • Early Church Fathers, such as and , played a crucial role in systematizing Christian ethical thought and integrating it with philosophical traditions (Platonism, Aristotelianism)
  • Augustine's works, such as "The City of God," explore the nature of sin, grace, and the Christian's relationship to earthly and heavenly realms
  • Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" presents a comprehensive framework for Christian ethics, incorporating natural law theory and the virtues, and emphasizing the role of reason in moral discernment

Key ethical principles

  • Christian ethics are guided by fundamental principles that reflect God's character and will for human flourishing
  • These principles provide a framework for moral decision-making and help Christians navigate the complexities of life in a way that honors God and promotes the well-being of others

Love and compassion

  • The principle of love, as exemplified in Jesus' life and teachings, is at the heart of Christian ethics
  • Christians are called to love God with all their heart, soul, and mind, and to love their neighbors as themselves (Matthew 22:37-39)
  • Compassion involves empathy, concern for others' well-being, and a willingness to alleviate suffering, as demonstrated in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37)

Justice and fairness

  • The principle of justice emphasizes the importance of treating others with fairness, equality, and respect, regardless of their social status or background
  • Biblical prophets, such as Amos and Micah, call for the establishment of justice and the defense of the rights of the poor and marginalized (Amos 5:24, Micah 6:8)
  • Christians are called to work towards creating a just society, where everyone has access to basic rights and opportunities, and where the dignity of each person is upheld

Sanctity of human life

  • The principle of the sanctity of human life affirms that every person is created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27) and possesses inherent worth and dignity
  • This principle underlies Christian opposition to practices such as , , and the death penalty, which are seen as violations of the fundamental right to life
  • Christians are called to protect and defend human life at all stages, from conception to natural death, and to promote a culture of life that values and supports the most vulnerable members of society

Stewardship and responsibility

  • The principle of stewardship recognizes that all of creation, including human life and natural resources, belongs to God and is entrusted to human care and responsibility
  • Christians are called to be faithful stewards of the gifts and resources God has given them, using them wisely and for the benefit of others (Matthew 25:14-30)
  • This principle extends to the care of the environment, as Christians have a responsibility to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations (Genesis 2:15)

Christian virtues

  • Christian virtues are moral qualities and character traits that reflect the character of Christ and enable Christians to live a life pleasing to God
  • The cultivation of these virtues is essential for spiritual growth and the development of a mature Christian character

Faith, hope, and charity

  • Faith, hope, and charity (love) are known as the theological virtues, as they are directly related to God and are infused into the soul by divine grace
  • Faith is the belief in God and the truths revealed in Scripture, enabling Christians to trust in God's promises and live in accordance with His will
  • Hope is the confident expectation of eternal life and the fulfillment of God's kingdom, providing strength and perseverance in the face of adversity
  • Charity (love) is the greatest of the theological virtues (1 Corinthians 13:13), as it reflects God's unconditional love for humanity and enables Christians to love God and others selflessly

Prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance

  • Prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance are known as the , as they are considered the "hinges" (Latin: cardo) on which the moral life turns
  • Prudence is the virtue of practical wisdom, enabling Christians to discern the right course of action in a given situation and to make sound moral judgments
  • Justice is the virtue of giving each person what is due to them, respecting their rights and dignity, and promoting fairness and equality in human relationships
  • Fortitude (courage) is the virtue of strength and perseverance in the face of difficulties, enabling Christians to stand firm in their faith and moral convictions
  • Temperance is the virtue of self-control and moderation, helping Christians to regulate their desires and passions in accordance with reason and faith

Humility and obedience

  • Humility is the virtue of recognizing one's own limitations and dependence on God, and avoiding the sin of pride and self-exaltation
  • Jesus exemplified humility in his life and teachings, such as washing his disciples' feet (John 13:1-17) and emptying himself of divine privileges (Philippians 2:5-11)
  • Obedience is the virtue of submitting to God's will and the legitimate authority of others, such as parents, church leaders, and civil authorities (Romans 13:1-7)
  • Christ's obedience to the Father, even unto death on the cross (Philippians 2:8), serves as the ultimate model for Christian obedience

Forgiveness and mercy

  • Forgiveness is the virtue of extending pardon and reconciliation to those who have offended or harmed us, following the example of Christ who forgave his persecutors (Luke 23:34)
  • Christians are called to forgive others as God has forgiven them (Ephesians 4:32), and to seek forgiveness for their own sins through repentance and confession
  • Mercy is the virtue of compassion and kindness towards those who are suffering or in need, reflecting God's merciful love for humanity
  • The parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) illustrates the depth of God's merciful love and the importance of extending forgiveness and mercy to others

Sin and redemption

  • Sin is a central concept in Christian ethics, as it represents the human condition of separation from God and the need for redemption and salvation
  • The helps to explain the presence of evil and suffering in the world, and the necessity of God's grace and Christ's sacrificial death for the restoration of humanity

Nature and consequences of sin

  • Sin is understood as any thought, word, or action that violates God's moral law and offends His holiness
  • The consequences of sin include spiritual death (separation from God), physical death, and the corruption of human nature, leading to a tendency towards evil and the inability to perfectly obey God's law
  • Sin affects not only individuals but also relationships, communities, and the entire created order, leading to social injustice, conflict, and environmental degradation

Original sin vs personal sin

  • Original sin refers to the inherited sinful condition of humanity, resulting from the fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3)
  • This doctrine emphasizes that all people are born with a predisposition towards sin and are in need of God's saving grace
  • Personal sin refers to the actual sins committed by individuals, whether in thought, word, or deed, for which they are morally responsible and accountable before God
  • While original sin affects all of humanity, personal sin is the result of an individual's free choice to disobey God and violate His moral law

Role of confession and penance

  • Confession is the act of acknowledging one's sins before God and, in some Christian traditions, before a priest or minister
  • The practice of confession is based on the belief that God is merciful and willing to forgive those who sincerely repent and seek His forgiveness (1 John 1:9)
  • Penance is the act of making reparation for one's sins, often through prayer, fasting, or acts of charity and service
  • In the Catholic tradition, the sacrament of reconciliation (confession) involves confessing one's sins to a priest, receiving absolution, and performing an act of penance as a sign of contrition and the desire to amend one's life

Salvation through Christ

  • The doctrine of salvation affirms that the forgiveness of sins and the restoration of humanity's relationship with God is made possible through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ
  • Christ's sacrificial death on the cross is seen as the ultimate act of love and the means by which the penalty for sin is paid and God's justice is satisfied (Romans 3:23-26)
  • By faith in Christ and His atoning work, individuals can receive the gift of salvation and be reconciled to God, experiencing new life and the transforming power of the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 2:8-9)
  • The Christian life is characterized by a continual process of sanctification, as believers grow in holiness and conformity to the image of Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit and the practice of spiritual disciplines (2 Corinthians 3:18)

Christian moral decision-making

  • Christian moral decision-making involves the application of biblical principles, church teachings, and personal discernment to the complex ethical challenges of daily life
  • The goal of Christian moral decision-making is to discern and follow God's will, to glorify Him, and to promote the well-being of oneself and others

Conscience and discernment

  • Conscience is the inner voice or moral sense that helps individuals distinguish between right and wrong, and prompts them to act in accordance with their moral convictions
  • The Christian understanding of conscience emphasizes the need for its proper formation through the study of Scripture, the guidance of the Church, and the cultivation of virtues
  • Discernment is the process of prayerfully seeking God's will and wisdom in a particular situation, considering the moral principles involved, the potential consequences, and the leading of the Holy Spirit
  • The practice of discernment involves examining one's motives, seeking godly counsel, and being attentive to the promptings of the Holy Spirit, as exemplified in the decision-making of the early Church (Acts 15:28)

Biblical guidance and interpretation

  • The Bible serves as the primary source of moral guidance for Christians, providing principles, commandments, and examples that inform ethical decision-making
  • Proper interpretation of Scripture involves considering the literary, historical, and theological context of a passage, as well as its relationship to the broader biblical narrative and the teachings of Jesus Christ
  • The Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17) and the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7) are foundational texts that establish moral guidelines and priorities for Christian living
  • Biblical principles such as love, justice, compassion, and stewardship serve as overarching themes that guide moral discernment and action

Church teachings and authority

  • The teachings of the Church, as expressed in creeds, councils, and the writings of theologians and church leaders, provide guidance and support for Christian moral decision-making
  • The authority of the Church is based on its role as the Body of Christ and the guardian of the apostolic faith, entrusted with interpreting Scripture and guiding the moral life of believers
  • Different Christian traditions (Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant) have varying understandings of the nature and extent of church authority in moral matters
  • While church teachings are to be respected and carefully considered, individual Christians are ultimately responsible for their own moral choices and must follow their informed consciences

Personal prayer and reflection

  • Personal prayer and reflection are essential components of Christian moral decision-making, as they help individuals discern God's will and gain wisdom and strength to act in accordance with their moral convictions
  • Prayer involves bringing one's moral struggles, questions, and decisions before God, seeking His guidance, and surrendering to His will
  • Reflection involves examining one's thoughts, motives, and actions in light of biblical principles and the promptings of the Holy Spirit, and being open to correction and growth
  • The practice of spiritual disciplines, such as meditation on Scripture, fasting, and solitude, can cultivate a deeper relationship with God and enhance moral discernment and decision-making

Contemporary ethical issues

  • Christian ethics is not limited to personal morality but also addresses complex social, political, and economic issues that affect the well-being of individuals, communities, and the environment
  • Christians are called to engage with contemporary ethical challenges in a way that reflects the love, justice, and compassion of Christ, and that seeks to promote human flourishing and the common good

Bioethics and sanctity of life

  • Bioethics deals with moral questions arising from advances in medicine, biotechnology, and the life sciences, such as genetic engineering, assisted reproductive technologies, and end-of-life care
  • The Christian principle of the sanctity of human life affirms the inherent dignity and worth of every person, from conception to natural death, and opposes practices that violate this principle, such as abortion and euthanasia
  • Christians are called to defend the rights of the most vulnerable, including the unborn, the disabled, and the elderly, and to promote a culture of life that values and supports all human beings
  • Ethical discernment in bioethics involves balancing the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, while upholding the fundamental dignity of the human person

Sexual ethics and marriage

  • Christian sexual ethics is based on the belief that human sexuality is a gift from God, designed for the purposes of procreation, intimacy, and the expression of love within the context of marriage between a man and a woman
  • The Bible teaches that sexual activity outside of marriage, including premarital sex, adultery, and homosexual acts, is contrary to God's will and harmful to individuals and society (1 Corinthians 6:18-20, Hebrews 13:4)
  • The Christian understanding of marriage emphasizes its sacramental nature as a lifelong, exclusive, and faithful union between husband and wife, reflecting the love and commitment of Christ to His Church (Ephesians 5:22-33)
  • Contemporary challenges in sexual ethics include the prevalence of pornography, the acceptance of cohabitation and casual sexual relationships, and the debate over same-sex marriage and LGBT rights

Social justice and human rights

  • Christian social ethics calls for the promotion of justice, peace, and human rights, based on the belief that all people are created in the image of God and possess equal dignity and worth
  • The Bible teaches the importance of caring for the poor, the oppressed, and the marginalized, and working towards the establishment of just social, economic, and political structures (Amos 5:24, Micah 6:8)
  • Christian engagement in social justice issues includes advocating for racial equality, gender equity, fair labor practices, access to education and healthcare, and the protection of human rights
  • The principle of subsidiarity in Catholic social teaching emphasizes the importance of addressing social problems at the most local level possible, while the principle of solidarity calls for the recognition of the interdependence and shared responsibility of all members of society

Environmental ethics and stewardship

  • Christian environmental ethics is rooted in the belief that the natural world is created by God and entrusted to human care and responsibility (Genesis 1:28, Psalm 24:1)
  • The principle of stewardship calls Christians to use the earth's resources wisely and sustainably, preserving them for future generations and respecting the intrinsic value of all created beings
  • Environmental challenges such as climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and pollution require a Christian response that combines personal lifestyle changes, collective action, and advocacy for policies that protect the environment
  • The concept of eco-justice emphasizes the interconnectedness of social and environmental issues, and the need to address both in an integrated manner, promoting the well-being of both human communities and the natural world

Christian ethics vs secular ethics

  • Christian ethics is distinct from secular ethics in its foundational beliefs, sources of moral authority, and ultimate goals
  • While there may be some overlap in moral principles and values, Christian ethics is ultimately grounded in the character and will of God, as revealed in Scripture an

Key Terms to Review (18)

Abortion: Abortion is the medical or surgical termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb. This term often evokes strong emotions and moral discussions, particularly in the context of ethical considerations surrounding the beginning of life, bodily autonomy, and the responsibilities of parenthood.
Augustine of Hippo: Augustine of Hippo was a Christian theologian and philosopher from North Africa, whose writings greatly influenced Western Christianity and philosophy. His thoughts on the nature of God, the Trinity, and human morality helped shape essential doctrines of the faith and established him as one of the most significant figures in early Christian thought.
Cardinal virtues: Cardinal virtues are the four primary virtues in Christian ethics that are considered essential for moral living. These virtues—prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance—serve as foundational characteristics that guide moral behavior and decision-making. They are viewed as pivotal in developing a moral character and are often seen as the 'hinges' upon which all other virtues depend.
Deontological ethics: Deontological ethics is a moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of following rules and obligations to determine what is right or wrong. This ethical framework focuses on the inherent morality of actions themselves, rather than the consequences those actions may produce. In the context of Christian ethics, deontological principles align with the belief that certain actions are morally required or forbidden based on divine commands or scriptural teachings.
Doctrine of sin: The doctrine of sin refers to the theological understanding of sin as a fundamental aspect of human existence and its separation from God. It encompasses the nature, consequences, and remedy for sin, highlighting the moral and ethical implications in human behavior. This doctrine is crucial in Christian thought, particularly in shaping the framework of ethics and morality, guiding believers on how to navigate moral dilemmas and live in accordance with divine will.
Environmental Stewardship: Environmental stewardship is the responsible management and care for the environment, emphasizing the ethical obligation to protect and sustain natural resources for future generations. It connects with values of respect for creation and highlights a moral imperative to address environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction.
Euthanasia: Euthanasia refers to the intentional act of ending a person's life to relieve them from suffering, often associated with terminal illnesses. It raises significant ethical and moral questions, particularly in relation to the sanctity of life, human dignity, and the responsibilities of healthcare providers. The discussions surrounding euthanasia often involve contrasting views on autonomy and the role of suffering in life.
Faith-based ethics: Faith-based ethics refers to a moral framework that is grounded in the beliefs, values, and teachings of a particular religious tradition. This ethical system emphasizes the role of faith as a guiding principle for decision-making and behavior, often drawing upon sacred texts and religious doctrines to inform moral judgments. In the context of Christian ethics and morality, faith-based ethics shapes the understanding of right and wrong through the lens of biblical teachings and the example set by Jesus Christ.
Golden rule: The golden rule is a moral principle that suggests treating others as one would like to be treated. This concept is fundamental in many ethical systems and religions, serving as a guideline for personal behavior and interpersonal relations. It promotes empathy and reciprocity, urging individuals to consider the feelings and perspectives of others in their actions.
Grace and Morality: Grace refers to the unmerited favor and love of God towards humanity, while morality encompasses the principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong behavior. In Christian thought, grace is often seen as a transformative power that enables individuals to lead a moral life, suggesting that morality is deeply intertwined with one’s relationship with God and the acceptance of grace. This connection emphasizes that human efforts alone are insufficient for achieving true morality without divine assistance.
Just war theory: Just war theory is a doctrine of military ethics that outlines the moral justification for engaging in warfare and the ethical conduct during war. It emphasizes the principles of just cause, proportionality, and discrimination, asserting that wars can only be fought for legitimate reasons and must be conducted in a way that minimizes harm to non-combatants. This theory is deeply connected to Christian teachings and has influenced discussions around military conflict in various historical contexts.
Love thy neighbor: The phrase 'love thy neighbor' is a moral and ethical directive emphasizing the importance of treating others with kindness, compassion, and respect. This principle is rooted in various religious traditions, particularly within Christianity, where it is seen as a core teaching of Jesus. The call to love one’s neighbor extends beyond mere affection; it challenges individuals to actively seek the well-being of others, fostering community and social harmony.
Sermon on the Mount: The Sermon on the Mount is a collection of teachings by Jesus found in the Gospel of Matthew, chapters 5-7, which emphasizes moral and ethical conduct. This sermon is one of the most important and well-known sections of the New Testament, shaping Christian beliefs and practices. It covers a wide range of topics including love, humility, and righteousness, providing foundational principles for Christian ethics and morality.
Seven deadly sins: The seven deadly sins are a classification of vices in Christian theology that represent the fundamental moral failings that lead to further sinful behavior. These sins are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth. They serve as a moral framework for understanding human weaknesses and are often referenced in discussions about ethics, morality, and the nature of sin in Christian teachings.
Social Justice: Social justice refers to the concept of creating a society that is based on principles of equality and solidarity, aiming to eliminate discrimination and ensure that all individuals have fair access to opportunities, resources, and rights. It emphasizes the importance of addressing systemic inequalities and advocating for the rights of marginalized communities within various religious and cultural contexts.
The Ten Commandments: The Ten Commandments are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in the moral foundation of Christianity. These commandments were given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai and serve as a guide for moral conduct and the relationship between God and humanity. They emphasize key aspects of human behavior, such as respect for God, family, and community, and form a core part of Christian ethical teachings.
Thomas Aquinas: Thomas Aquinas was a medieval Catholic philosopher and theologian, renowned for his integration of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine. He is best known for his works, particularly the 'Summa Theologica', where he systematically addressed questions of faith and reason, establishing a foundation for Christian ethics and morality that still resonates today.
Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility. It emphasizes the consequences of actions, promoting choices that result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This approach often leads to evaluating moral decisions based on their outcomes rather than intrinsic qualities or intentions.
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