💸Principles of Economics Unit 10 – Monopolistic Competition & Oligopoly

Key Concepts

• Monopolistic competition involves many firms selling differentiated products with low barriers to entry and exit
• Oligopoly consists of a few large firms dominating a market with high barriers to entry
• Product differentiation enables firms to have some control over price in monopolistic competition
• Strategic behavior and interdependence among firms characterize decision-making in oligopolies
  • Firms consider the potential reactions of rivals when making decisions
• Non-price competition, such as advertising and product innovation, is common in both market structures
• Long-run equilibrium differs between monopolistic competition (zero economic profit) and oligopoly (sustained economic profit)

Market Structures Comparison

• Perfect competition: many firms, homogeneous products, price takers, free entry/exit
• Monopolistic competition: many firms, differentiated products, some control over price, free entry/exit
• Oligopoly: few large firms, either differentiated or homogeneous products, strategic behavior, high barriers to entry/exit
• Monopoly: single firm, unique product, significant control over price, very high barriers to entry
• Key differences across market structures include the number of firms, product differentiation, degree of price control, and ease of entry/exit
• The level of competition and efficiency varies across market structures (perfect competition is most efficient, monopoly is least efficient)

Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition

• Large number of firms in the industry, each with a small market share
• Differentiated products that are close substitutes for one another (fast food chains, clothing retailers)
• Firms have some control over price due to product differentiation
  • Downward-sloping demand curve, but relatively elastic
• Low barriers to entry and exit, allowing new firms to enter the market if economic profits exist
• Non-price competition is prevalent, such as advertising and product innovation
• Excess capacity in the long run, as firms operate below the minimum efficient scale

Characteristics of Oligopoly

• Few large firms dominate the market, each with a significant market share
• Products can be either differentiated (automobiles) or homogeneous (steel)
• High barriers to entry, such as economies of scale, legal barriers, or significant capital requirements
• Interdependence among firms leads to strategic behavior and decision-making
  • Firms consider the potential reactions of rivals when setting prices or output levels
• Tendency towards collusion, either explicit (illegal) or tacit (legal), to reduce competition and increase profits
• Non-price competition, such as advertising and product differentiation, is common

Firm Behavior and Strategies

• In monopolistic competition, firms maximize profit by setting marginal revenue equal to marginal cost
  • Firms have some market power, but face highly elastic demand due to close substitutes
• Oligopolistic firms engage in strategic decision-making, considering the actions and reactions of rivals
• Collusive behavior, such as price fixing or market sharing, can occur in oligopolies to reduce competition and increase profits
  • Cartels are formal collusive agreements (OPEC)
• Non-collusive oligopoly models include Cournot (quantity competition), Bertrand (price competition), and Stackelberg (leader-follower)
• Price leadership, where one firm sets the price and others follow, is common in oligopolies
• Limit pricing and predatory pricing are strategies used to deter entry or drive out competitors

Short-Run vs. Long-Run Equilibrium

• In monopolistic competition, firms can earn economic profits in the short run by differentiating their products
  • Short-run equilibrium occurs where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MR = MC)
• In the long run, entry of new firms drives economic profits to zero (P = ATC)
  • Firms operate with excess capacity, as the demand curve is tangent to the average total cost curve
• Oligopolistic firms can maintain economic profits in the long run due to high barriers to entry
  • The long-run equilibrium depends on the specific oligopoly model and the degree of collusion
• In both market structures, firms engage in non-price competition to differentiate their products and maintain market share

Real-World Examples

• Monopolistic competition examples include restaurants, hair salons, and clothing retailers
  • Differentiation through location, quality, service, and branding
• Oligopoly examples include automobiles (GM, Ford, Toyota), airlines (Delta, American, United), and wireless carriers (Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile)
  • High concentration ratios and strategic behavior
• Collusive behavior has been observed in industries such as airlines (price fixing) and LCD panels (price fixing and market allocation)
• Non-price competition is evident in the advertising expenditures of firms in industries like soft drinks (Coca-Cola and Pepsi) and fast food (McDonald's and Burger King)

Economic Impact and Efficiency

• Monopolistic competition results in some deadweight loss due to excess capacity and prices above marginal cost
  • However, product differentiation can increase consumer choice and satisfaction
• Oligopolies can lead to higher prices and reduced output compared to perfect competition, resulting in deadweight loss
  • Collusive behavior exacerbates these inefficiencies
• Non-price competition in both market structures can lead to socially excessive expenditures on advertising and product differentiation
• However, non-price competition can also drive innovation and improve product quality
• The overall impact on social welfare depends on the specific industry and the extent of competition or collusion
• Government intervention, such as antitrust laws and regulation, can help promote competition and efficiency in these market structures